Author: ancientegyptblog7

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Egyptian Artifacts

Horus as a Sphinx

This is a really interesting piece from the British Museum!

It is a sandstone ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“‚ง๐“๐“Œ—๐“ˆ™ statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ of a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ headed sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค! Usually sphinxes ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ฆ are depicted as being the body of a lion ๐“Œณ๐“น๐“„ฟ๐“„› with the head ๐“ถ๐“บ of a man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€๐“ค, but obviously this one is quite different!

This particular statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is dated to c. 1250 B.C.E.; the reign of Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“. This sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค and many other similar ones used to stand guard at Rameses IIโ€™s ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ at Abu Simbel.

Sphinxes ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ฆ are incredibly powerful creatures because not only do they represent the physical strength ๐“„‡๐“๐“‚๐“ญ of a lion ๐“Œณ๐“น๐“„ฟ๐“„›, but also the power of a pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป. While the pharaohโ€™s ๐“‰๐“‰ป head ๐“ถ๐“บ isnโ€™t represented on this sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค, a falcon is. Falcons ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„๐“ฆ are associated with the god ๐“Šน Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ, who is the personification of the pharaohโ€™s ๐“‰๐“‰ป power. Since one of Horusโ€™ ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ roles is as the god ๐“Šน of pharaonic power, it makes sense that sphinxes ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ฆ can also represent pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ while using a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ head ๐“ถ๐“บ.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Ushabti Broad Collar

This is one of the more interesting pieces that I have ever seen in a museum! I donโ€™t believe I have seen anything like it outside of the Petrie Museum in London! It combines two of my favorite things – ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ and Egyptian jewelry!

This broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ is dated to the 21st Dynasty (Third Intermediate Period c. 1069 – 747 B.C.E.). There are 62 ๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“ป faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ that make up their broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ and they come in green ๐“‡…๐“„ฟ๐“†“๐“› and blue ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“๐“„ฟ๐“ธ๐“ฅ colors! The ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ are about 4cm in height so they are pretty tiny! I love tiny things so tiny ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ to me are just so cute!! There are also beads of many different colors that adorn the broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹.

Normally, ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ were buried with the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ and were meant to be their servants in the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰. I do not know if the ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ in this broad collar are supposed to be worker ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ or are for adorning a mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ for burial!

Normally ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ are buried in shabti boxes and inscribed with a spell that tells you what their function was. When Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ ๐“€ญ called upon the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ for labor, the deceased would say the spell on the ushabti ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ and it would come to life and perform the labor in place of the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ!

As a kid I really loved ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ because they reminded me of little dolls and my Nonno used to tell me stories about them! He loved them too and he made leaning about them so much fun!

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Cartouche of Seti I

Hereโ€™s another piece from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology! This is a really simple piece but I really like it! It probably caught my eye because it has the cartouche of Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  on it, and Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  was one of my Nonnoโ€™s favorite pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ! The afternoon that Nonno and I spent exploring the Petrie Museum was one of the best days of my life!

This piece is a fragment from a larger statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ. On the top part of the piece you can even see the bottom part of a broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹. It is made of black ๐“†Ž๐“…“ basalt, which is an igneous rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™. Basalt forms when lava solidifies on the Earthโ€™s surface or under the ocean. The entire ocean floor is made of basalt which means that it is is the most abundant rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ on Earth (and Mars too)!

The hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช on this piece are very simple and easy to read!

๐“‡“๐“ King of Upperโ€ฆ

๐“‹”๐“โ€ฆand Lower Egypt

(๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“ ) – Maatmenra (Seti I – Maatmenra was his throne name)

Usually the title of โ€œKing of Upper and Lower Egyptโ€ is written as โ€œ๐“†ฅโ€ so it is interesting to see it written as โ€œ๐“‡“๐“๐“‹”๐“.โ€ In the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช for this piece, the crown of Lower Egypt ๐“‹” was used instead of the bee ๐“†ค.

King of Upper and Lower Egypt ๐“†ฅ can literally be translated to โ€œHe of the Sedge and the Bee,โ€ which is the title that usually preceded the prenomen, which was also known as the throne name or the royal name. The sedge ๐“‡“ was the symbol for Upper Egypt while the bee ๐“†ค was the symbol of Lower Egypt. This title was symbolic that the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป was ruling over a united Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–. The first pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป to have this title was the Pharaoh Den ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ– during the First Dynasty!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Small Limestone Stela of Akhenaten

Hereโ€™s another piece from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology! This is a small limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– (by small, I mean it is only about 8.5cm in height)!

While the image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ is very crudely drawn, it is quite obvious that we are looking at Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– here because art during the period of his rule was incredibly unique! On the stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ, Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– can be seen standing in front of two ๐“ป vases of incense with his arms raised in a worshipping position. The Sun ๐“‡ณ๐“บ, or the Aten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ, can be seen above Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– head ๐“ถ๐“บ.

The Petrie Museum has a lot of unique pieces from Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– reign because Petrie helped to excavate Amarna, which the place in modern-day Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– where Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– moved the capital to (the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– was originally in Thebes ๐“Œ€๐“๐“Š–). The new capital was called Akhetaton โ€œHorizon of the Atenโ€ and it was established ~1332 B.C.E., around the time when the Aten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ was declared to be the only god ๐“Šน.

One of the reasons I enjoyed my trip to the Petrie Museum so much was being able to see all of these unique pieces that really canโ€™t be seen in other museums! Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– is my second favorite pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป, so I really enjoyed seeing all of the Amarna-era pieces!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Statue of Rameses II

This statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ of Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ is one of the largest Egyptian artifacts in the British Museum. The piece is definitely grand, and is even more beautiful ๐“„ค in person. Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ was Egyptโ€™s ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– most prolific builder, so it makes sense that objects made in his likeness are also grand!

Nicole (me) with the Statue of Rameses II at the British Museum

Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ came to the throne after the death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ of his father Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“ , and ruled Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– as pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป for about 67 years. He was the third pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป of the 19th Dynasty, and is often referred to as โ€œRameses The Greatโ€ because he built ๐“๐“‚ค๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“€ง more monuments than any other pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป and ruled longer than any other pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป.

The monuments attributed to Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ are some of the best preserved in all of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– – it seems that he got his wish to be remembered even so long after his death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ. Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ built ๐“๐“‚ค๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“€ง as much as he could so he could ensure that his name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– lived on. He also usurped a lot of other previous pharaohsโ€™ ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ monuments too!

Geology time!!!! This statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ was cut from pink/gray granite ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ–๐“Œณ๐“ฟ. Granite ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ–๐“Œณ๐“ฟ is an extremely strong rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ and resistant to weathering due to its high quartz content (hence why it is used to make countertops in modern times), so that is why the details on this are so well preserved.

This piece was excavated by Belzoni and was originally from Rameses IIโ€™s ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ mortuary temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ at Thebes ๐“Œ€๐“๐“Š– (aka the Ramesseum).

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Egyptian Artifacts

Statue of Rameses IV

This is a stunning ๐“„ค statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Rameses IV ๐“‡ณ๐“‹พ๐“ฆ who ruled during Egyptโ€™s ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– 20th Dynasty. He is depicted in a kneeling position with offering pots ๐“ (for wine or water) in each of his hands. I always find this depiction of a pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป fascinating because pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ are considered gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน so they shouldnโ€™t kneel for anyone – except another god ๐“Šน!

The god ๐“Šน that Rameses IV ๐“‡ณ๐“‹พ๐“ฆ is making an offering ๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“” to is most likely Amun-Ra ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“บ๐“‡ณ, since Amun-Ra ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“บ๐“‡ณ is mentioned in hieroglyphic texts ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ on the back panel of the statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ.

The cartouches for Rameses IVโ€™s nomen (birth name) ๐“‡ณ๐“„Ÿ๐“Šƒ๐“Šƒ and prenomen (throne name) ๐“‡ณ๐“‹พ๐“ฆ are on each shoulder. There are many different variants of the nomen and prenomen, so these are not they only way his name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– appears on monuments! I just used the ones that were also used on the statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ itself! The different ways to write the names ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–๐“ฆ of pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ are called โ€œvariants.โ€

While the original provenance isnโ€™t known, it is most likely that they statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is originally from Amun-Raโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“บ๐“‡ณ temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ at Karnak. Rameses IV ๐“‡ณ๐“‹พ๐“ฆ was one of the pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ who contributed to the decoration of Hypostyle Hall!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Limestone Fragment of Akhenaten

There are so many cool pieces in the Petrie Museum – while the pieces may not be as big or grand as the ones in the MET, Louvre, or British Museums, they are significant because they give a glimpse into the more subtle greatnesses in Egyptian society. Actually though, the โ€œsister pieceโ€ to this one is actually in the MET!

This piece of limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ (dated c. 1353โ€“1336 B.C.E.) is what is known as a โ€œtrial pieceโ€ – basically it was practice for the artist/sculptor before they made the real thing! This was found in the sculptorโ€™s workshop at Amarna (in the southern ๐“‡”๐“…ฑ๐“ part of the city). While Tell el-Amarna is the modem name for the area, Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– named his new capital โ€œAkhetatonโ€ or โ€œHorizon of the Atenโ€ – the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– was originally Thebes ๐“Œ€๐“๐“Š– before the big move.

Petrie spent a lot of time excavating that part of the city during his time there from 1891-1892. Most of what we initially learned about the city and itโ€™s architecture came from Petrieโ€™s excavations. Fun Fact: Howard Carter assisted Petrie on these digs!

The piece unmistakably depicts Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ–. It is very easy to tell when Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– is being shown because of his very distinct facial features (pointed chin, long neck/face). It would also make sense that most of the artwork that was found at the sculptors workshop in his capital would contain art that depicted him, Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ, the royal family, and the Aten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ.

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Cartouche of Thutmosis I

This fragment of a limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ relief shows part of the cartouche for the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Thutmosis I ๐“‡ณ๐“‰ป๐“†ฃ๐“‚“! Letโ€™s take a look at his name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–!

While Thutmosis Iโ€™s birth name is usually written as (๐“…๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด) this particular cartouche shows a variant of this name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–. The full variant would most likely read (๐“ˆ๐“…๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“„ค๐“ฅ๐“Šƒ) which means โ€œThoth is born, who has appeared perfectly.โ€

Another variant of his birth name is (๐“ˆ๐“…๐“‡ณ๐“„Ÿ๐“‡๐“Šƒ) which means โ€œThoth is born, who has appeared like Ra.โ€ The more popular variant of this birth name, (๐“…๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด) simply means โ€œThoth is born.โ€

Thutmosis I ๐“‡ณ๐“‰ป๐“†ฃ๐“‚“ (this is his throne name -โ€œGreat is the manifestation of the Soul of Raโ€) was the third ๐“ผ pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป of the 18th Dynasty. Thutmosis I ๐“‡ณ๐“‰ป๐“†ฃ๐“‚“ was responsible for many successful military campaigns and building projects, including additions to the Temple of Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ– at Karnak. Though, in my opinion, Thutmosis Iโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“‰ป๐“†ฃ๐“‚“ most notable achievement is being Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช father ๐“‡‹๐“๐“€€!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Anubis and Osiris – Cool Pieces at the Petrie Museum

This photo ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ has two ๐“ป cool things: an interesting limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ piece that represents Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ (left) and a wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ piece that represents Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ (right). While neither piece is โ€œgrand,โ€ they pose some interesting questions because they are quite unique!

Letโ€™s start with Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ (because heโ€™s my favorite)! Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ is seated on a shrine (very similar in style to one of his determinative โ€œ๐“ƒฃโ€ hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช). The ears are strange here because they are beautifully ๐“„ค carved, but the limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ between them was not cut away. Was this a stylistic choice or was the piece unfinished? We will probably never know! Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ was found at Saqqara and dates to the 26th Dynasty.

The Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ piece is also a bit strange. It is a large wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ figure that has been put into a base during modern times (to display easier). Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ is shown in his typical mummiform ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ way – wearing the Atef Crown ๐“‹š and holding the crook ๐“‹พ and flail ๐“Œ… in his hands. Whatโ€™s interesting is that the figure is very โ€œblockyโ€ – there are absolutely no fine details shown. Ancient Egyptian artists were known for fine details so again the question is: is the piece intended to look like this or is it incomplete? Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ is dated to the 30th Dynasty – Ptolemaic Period and was also found at Saqqara.

Also totally unrelated but you can see the ushabti ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ necklace from my previous post in the background of this picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“!!

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Egyptian Artifacts

A Collection of Amulets

I love ancient Egyptian amulets ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†๐“ช – probably because I love tiny objects! Amulets ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†๐“ช were small objects wrapped within the bandages on a mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ or worn by a living person. The purpose of the amulets was to protect the wearer with magic powers that were specific to that amulet ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†. The amulets ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†๐“ช were also supposed to aid in resurrection. Here in the British Museum, they had quite a nice display of some faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ amulets ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†๐“ช! I love faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ pieces because I love their blue-green ๐“‡…๐“†“๐“› color! I also like this display because you can see different style variations!

The wedjat ๐“‚€ (Eye of Horus) is a very common symbol of protection ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ and regeneration. The wedjat ๐“‚€ symbol was used by both the living and the dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ! Many people wore wedjat ๐“‚€ necklaces or rings ๐“‚๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‹ช๐“ฆ in order to invoke its powers of protection ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ. This very much shows how religion and fashion were very much related in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–!

The Isis knot ๐“Žฌ is representative of a tied piece of cloth and is associated with the blood of Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ (hence why red colored stones are usually used to make these amulets). It is a symbol of protection ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ in the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰, and was usually placed at the neck of the deceased. Knots in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– were thought to release magic.