Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Horus as a Falcon

The god ๐“Šน Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ was one of the most important gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน in the Egyptian pantheon. One of Horusโ€™ ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ many roles was as a mythological representation of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป/heir to the throne of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–. In this statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ, Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ is depicted as a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ wearing the combined crown ๐“‹– which represents both the White Crown ๐“„ค๐“‹‘ of Upper Egypt ๐“‡“ and the Red Crown ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“๐“‹” of Lower Egypt ๐“†ค!ย Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ as a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ was one of the most common ways he is represented in Egyptian art.

Horus as a Falcon
Horus as a Falcon on display at the MET

The Uraeus on the front ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— of the crown is in amazing condition! A Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— is usually depicted as an upright snake ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†™ and is a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, and divine authority in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– – all characteristics usually associated with the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป, and also the god ๐“Šน Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ! 

Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ was also a sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ god ๐“Šน. Horusโ€™ ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– means โ€œThe Distant One,โ€ due to him residing in the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ! 

Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ was the son ๐“…ญ of Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡ and Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ and will often be introduced in inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ as such! For example, you could see โ€œ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ๐“…ญ๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡๐“…ญ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญโ€ on objects such as sarcophagi ๐“ŽŸ๐“‹น๐“ˆ–๐“๐“Šญ๐“ฆ! 

Here are some variants of Horusโ€™ name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–:

๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ (the most common way to write his name)

๐“…ƒ

๐“„‘๐“‚‹๐“…†

๐“…ƒ๐“…†

๐“ˆ๐“…ƒ

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Soul of Pe

This bronze ๐“ˆ”๐“ค๐“ˆ’๐“ฆ kneeling statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ deity ๐“Šน is referred to as the โ€œSoul of Peโ€ and it is actually another way to depict the god ๐“Šน Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ. Also known as โ€œHorus of Pe,โ€ these bronze ๐“ˆ”๐“ค๐“ˆ’๐“ฆ statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช became popular during the Late Period, after 600 B.C.E.ย 

Soul of Pe
Bronze Soul of Pe statue on display at the Brooklyn Museum

The Souls ๐“‚“๐“‚“๐“‚“ of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– and Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– were first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts and are referred to as the ancestors of the pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ. The Souls ๐“‚“๐“‚“๐“‚“ of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– and Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– symbolized the predynastic rulers of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–. The Souls ๐“‚“๐“‚“๐“‚“ of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– and Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– were thought of as very powerful deities ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน that not only aided the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ, but also the current living ๐“†ฃ๐“‚‹๐“€€๐“ช pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป. 

Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– and Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– were both cities in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– and were around as early as the predynastic period.  Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– was originally the cult center for the god ๐“Šน Horus in Upper Egypt ๐“‡“, however, Pe a town in Lower Egypt ๐“†ค, was awarded to Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ by Ra ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› after his eye was injured during his battle with Seth ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“„ก๐“ฃ for the throne of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–. 

In this particular statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ, Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ/Soul of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– is shown in a characteristic kneeling position with one arm raised, with the other resting on his chest. This is known as a โ€œjubilation position,โ€ which is meant to show the Soul of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– celebrating the rising of the sun ๐“†„๐“…ฑ๐“‡ถ. The Soul of Pe ๐“Šช๐“Š– is usually represented as Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ the Falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„, while the Soul of Nekhen ๐“Š”๐“ˆ–๐“Š– is usually represented as a jackal ๐“Šƒ๐“„ฟ๐“ƒ€๐“ƒฅ. 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs Video

Doorjamb of Rameses II – Video

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

This large piece is referred to as a โ€œDoorjamb from a Temple of Rameses II.โ€ Basically, that means these blocks came from a gateway at a temple that was built in honor of one of Rameses IIโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“‡ณ๐“‰๐“ˆ– royal jubilees. 

๐“†ฅ – King of Upper and Lower Egypt

๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“‡ณ๐“‰๐“ˆ– – Usermaatre setep en Ra (Throne Name of Rameses II which translates to โ€œThe Justice of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra.โ€)

๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“บ – Amun-Ra

๐“ŽŸ๐“Žผ๐“Žผ๐“Žผ๐“‡ฟ๐“‡ฟ – Lord of the Thrones

๐“Œบ – Beloved

๐“™๐“‹น- Given Life

So all together the inscription reads โ€œKing of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermaatre, Beloved of Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones, Given Life.โ€ 

Also Rameses IIIโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“ˆ˜๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ– cartouches appear on this too on the bottom of the doorjamb – he clearly usurped this piece for his own use and didnโ€™t change all of the cartouches!

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost.ย 

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut (Part II)

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to look at two ๐“ป more steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช from the Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“/Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ era of the 18th Dynasty! Just like the scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช we looked at yesterday ๐“‹ด๐“†‘๐“‡ณ, these are also on display at the MET! 

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut
Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut on display at the MET

Alright so letโ€™s get to the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!!!

These two ๐“ป steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช are interesting because while at first glance the inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ look similar (and they are) they are also quite different! On them Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ is referred to as both โ€œLord of the Two Landsโ€ and โ€œLady of the Two Lands.โ€ Her throne name โ€œMaatkare ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“โ€ appears on both scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช. 

Letโ€™s look at the scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ on the left! 

๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ – Maatkare (Truth ๐“ฆ is the Soul ๐“‚“ of Re ๐“‡ณ)

๐“ŽŸ – Lord 

๐“‡ฟ๐“‡ฟ – Two Lands

Letโ€™s look at the scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ on the right! 

๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ – Maatkare (Truth ๐“ฆ is the Soul ๐“‚“ of Re ๐“‡ณ)

๐“ŽŸ๐“ – Lady

๐“‡พ๐“‡พ – Two Lands

In order to make nouns feminine in Middle Egyptian, a โ€œ๐“โ€ is added to the end of the word so โ€œLord ๐“ŽŸโ€ becomes โ€œLady ๐“ŽŸ๐“.โ€ This is significant in this case because on these scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช, thereโ€™s a mix of both when it comes to Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“! From the early to mid part of her  reign, Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ statuary contained inscriptions more commonly with the feminine form of the words. Towards the end of her reign ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“ she started using the masculine form of words.  

You can also see the two ๐“ป different variants used for โ€œtwo landsโ€ (๐“‡ฟ๐“‡ฟย  vs. ๐“‡พ๐“‡พ )on the scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช! These two ๐“ป variants were pretty much used interchangeably so not much to analyze in this case!ย 

Read Part I Here!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut (Part I)

Here is another example of steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช from the Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“/Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ era of the 18th Dynasty! These scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช are on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art! 

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut
Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut

Before we read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช, letโ€™s โ€œreadโ€ the geology! I always tell my students that rocks ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™๐“ฆ are the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช of the Earth ๐“‡พ๐“‡พ, and rocks ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™๐“ฆ are the language of our planet! 

Most scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช from this time period are made of a metamorphic rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ called steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ which is also commonly known as soapstone. Simply put, steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ is made when the mineral ๐“‡‹๐“Œป๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ™ talc is exposed to tremendous amounts of heat and pressure at subduction zones (areas where oceanic crust sinks beneath continental crust). Steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ has been used by ancient civilizations all over the world for carving because it is both durable and easy to work with! 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

These scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช contain the shorter variant of Hatshepsutโ€™s birth name cartouche. Hatshepsutโ€™s full name is โ€œ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช United with Amun, Foremost of the Noble Women,โ€ but thatโ€™s not what appears on the scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช because itโ€™s too long! Letโ€™s take a look:

๐“„‚๐“ – Foremost (Hat)

๐“€ผ๐“๐“ช – Noble Women (Shepsut)

So Hatshepsutโ€™s name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– variant on the scarab translates to โ€œForemost of the Noble Women.โ€ 

The Egyptians were very clever with spacing too – if you look at the scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ at the bottom of the picture, the โ€œ๐“โ€ is shared between the ๐“„‚ and ๐“€ผ glyphs!ย I will forever be impressed by. the ingenuity of the Egyptian artists!

Read Part II Here!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Steatite Scarab Ring

This mounted steatite ๐“…ฎ๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ŠŒ scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ ring ๐“‚๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‹ช inscribed with the throne name cartouche ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“ท of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ is a stunning example of the scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช that were made during this time period. Some Egyptologists state that the scarabs ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ๐“ช made during the Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“/Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ era were some of the finest ever made, and I happen to agree!ย 

Steatite Scarab Ring
Steatite Scarab Ring inscribed with the throne name of pharaoh Thutmosis III

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

The name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– Menkhepperra ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ translates to โ€œLasting is the Manifestation of Ra.โ€ This cartouche ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“ท appears twice on the scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ! 

๐“‡ณ – Ra

๐“  – Lasting

๐“†ฃ – Manifestation

The word โ€œEternity ๐“†–โ€ also appears on the Scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ. 

In the middle of the scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ there is also the โ€œGold Falcon/Gold Horus ๐“…‰โ€ symbol which shows a falcon ๐“…ƒ standing on the hieroglyphic symbol for โ€œgold ๐“‹ž.โ€ Usually the Gold Falcon ๐“…‰ is one of the five names of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป and is the third part of the royal titularly. Thutmosis IIIโ€™s Gold Falcon name is โ€œ๐“…‰๐“‚ฆ๐“‚‹๐“›๐“ˆ๐“…ฑ๐“›๐“ฆ Djoser Khauโ€ which translates to โ€œSacred of Appearances.โ€ Obviously this full name does not appear on the Scarab ๐“๐“Šช๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“†ฃ, but the Gold Falcon ๐“…‰ symbolizes kingship ๐“‡“๐“‡Œ. 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Animal Mummies

I have mentioned in many previous posts that I have loved mummies ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ๐“ช ever since my Nonno introduced me to ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– when I was a little girl! Although animal mummies are the most common form of Egyptian artifact (seven million dog ๐“ƒ€๐“Ž›๐“ˆ–๐“ƒก mummies have been found in Saqqara alone), they are among the least understood of all objects.

Animal Mummies
A dog (left) and a cat (right) mummy on display at the Brooklyn Museum

At the Brooklyn Museum, they have a couple of animal mummies which are in the picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ here! On the left is a dog ๐“ƒ€๐“Ž›๐“ˆ–๐“ƒก mummy, and on the right is a cat ๐“…“๐“‡‹๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ  mummy.ย The level of preservation of these mummies is exquisite!

It is well documented that the ancient Egyptians kept dogs ๐“ƒ€๐“Ž›๐“ˆ–๐“ƒก๐“ฆ and cats ๐“…“๐“‡‹๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ ๐“ช as pets. In tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฅ, many times dogs ๐“ƒ€๐“Ž›๐“ˆ–๐“ƒก๐“ฆ and cats ๐“…“๐“‡‹๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ ๐“ช have been found buried with their owners! Dogs ๐“ƒ€๐“Ž›๐“ˆ–๐“ƒก๐“ฆ have also been mentioned on funerary stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ along with other family members! The thought is that the pet and the owner would be able to stay together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š— in the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰ if they were buried together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š—.

One of the possible explanations of the significance of animal mummies can be tied to the Egyptian cultural aspect surrounding animals. Believe it or not, there is no Middle Egyptian word for โ€œanimalโ€ – there was the word ๐“Œš๐“…“๐“„› but it translates more accurately to โ€œbeastโ€ then all animals in general. The Egyptians didnโ€™t think of animals as โ€œlessโ€ than humans – Animals were living things that contained a ba ๐“…ก๐“บ (part of the soul ๐“‚“ that is active in this world and the spiritual world). They could become gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน through death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ and mummification ๐“‹ด๐“‚ง๐“๐“…ฑ๐“Ž just like humans. 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Akhenaten and Me!

Iโ€™ve never shared this picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ because of the glare, but not every picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ needs to be perfect ๐“„ค! My Nonno took this photo ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– and me at the Louvre in what I call the โ€œAmarna Gallery!โ€ ย  You can tell by my smile how happy ๐“„ซ๐“…ฑ๐“› I was!ย Seeing a statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ in real life that I have only seen in books feels like meeting a celebrity!

Akhenaten and Me
Akhenaten and Me at the Louvre!

The Louvre has an impressive collection of statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช and artifacts from Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– reign ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“ and I was so excited to be able to see them – this was probably the gallery I spent the most time in at the Louvre! After Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“, Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– is my second favorite pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป!

This particular limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– surprised me when I saw it in person for the first time! I thought it was going to be a lot smaller, so I was shocked to see just how big it was! The piece is also incredibly well preserved – the Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— on Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– forehead is still somewhat intact, and the design details on the skirt are clearly defined. Also, Akhenaten is holding both the crook ๐“‹พ and flail ๐“Œ… in one hand ๐“‚๐“บ instead of one in each hand ๐“‚๐“บ! 

The Louvre has this statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ named โ€œStatue of an Amarna King.โ€ To me, this statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ looks like it is from the early part of Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– reign ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“ because there are both traditional Egyptian elements and Amarna-era elements (elongated face and limbs, more body fat in the stomach and thighs) present in the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ. If I were to guess, this was probably made before year 5 ๐“พ of Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– reign ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“, when he still had the name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– Amenhotep IV ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Šต๐“Šน๐“‹พ๐“Œ€. However, there are no hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช on the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ to confirm this, I am basing this inference just on the artistic style alone! 

This piece really is just stunning to see in person! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Professional Mourners

While preparing for death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ was an essential part of life on Earth ๐“‡พ๐“‡พ for the ancient Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช, it doesnโ€™t mean that they werenโ€™t upset by the death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ of a loved one. Wealthier Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช were able to hire professional mourners ๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“€ ๐“ช/๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ช for their funerals and those mourners could be men (๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“€ ๐“ช) or women (๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ช).ย 

Professional Mourners
A limestone relief from a tomb which shows Professional Mourners outside the entrance to a tomb.

In the case of this sunken limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ relief, there are three ๐“ผ female mourners ๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ช present – two ๐“ป are sitting and one ๐“บ is standing. Only one of the female figures is fully preserved. At funerals, the professional mourners ๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ช were hired to sing and cry. 

The three ๐“ผ mourners ๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ช are in front of a tomb ๐“‡‹๐“‡ฉ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ entrance, which looks like the โ€œshrine facade ๐“‰ฑโ€ hieroglyphic symbol. 

The entrance to the tomb ๐“‡‹๐“‡ฉ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ has plants ๐“†พ๐“†ฐ๐“†ฐ๐“†ฐ and offerings ๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“”๐“ฆ for the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ in front of it. I also like the column ๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‡‹๐“‡… that is added to this relief. 

Reliefs such as these served the purpose of ensuring perpetual mourning for the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ. If there was mourning present on the reliefs within a tomb ๐“‡‹๐“‡ฉ๐“Šƒ๐“‰, it meant that the mourning would go on for all ๐“ŽŸ eternity ๐“†–. 

On a personal note, this relief really speaks to me because this account on the most basic level is a manifestation of my grief. I started this account as a way to try and cope with my Nonnoโ€™s death, and over three years later itโ€™s still helping me to do that. I see the three people in this relief as me, my sister and my brother. It’s incredible how I can deeply relate to a tomb relief from ancient Egypt. 

This piece is from Memphis ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“‰ด๐“Š– (present day Saqqara) and is dated to Dynasty 19 (c. 1295-1190 B.C.E.). 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Defaced Hatshepsut

Thereโ€™s a lot going on in this picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ and Iโ€™m going to do my best to talk about it all! This is a red granite ๐“…“๐“Œณ๐“๐“Žถ statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of a defaced Hatshepsut ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช which was found during the excavation of her temple at Deir el-Bahri ๐“‚ฆ๐“‚‹๐“‚ฆ๐“ฅ๐“‰. This excavation was a joint effort between the MET and the Egyptian government.ย 

Defaced Hatshepsut
A closeup of a Defaced Hatshepsut statue on display at the MET

I love that the blue ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“๐“„ฟ๐“ธ๐“ฅ and yellow paint ๐“‡จ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ญ๐“ธ๐“ฆ is still retained on the nemes ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“‹ด head cloth. The nemes ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“‹ด head cloth is a traditional striped piece of linen ๐“ฑ or fabric that pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ wore on their heads. There was usually a Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— on the forehead, but on this statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ, the Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— is missing. On a lot of statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช the Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— would just get broken off in antiquity, however, this one seems to have been deliberately destroyed. 

Blue ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“๐“„ฟ๐“ธ๐“ฅ and red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ paint ๐“‡จ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ญ๐“ธ๐“ฆ can also still be seen on the broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ that Hatshepsut ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช is wearing around her neck. The broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ was the necklace ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“‡‹๐“๐“‹ง of choice for royals and the gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน.

The most prominent feature on this statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ is the fact that the face has been seemingly hacked away in antiquity. About 25 ๐“Ž†๐“Ž†๐“พ years after Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ death, Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ went on a campaign to have her statuary destroyed and her name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– taken off of monuments ๐“ ๐“. No one knows why this occurred or the events that lead up to Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ doing this! 

Usually pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ would just usurp the statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช of previous rulers, but Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ didnโ€™t do this with Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“ statuary, it was just destroyed and then buried. The running theory is that the statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช were too โ€œHatshepsut-likeโ€ and thus could not be reused! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย