Author: ancientegyptblog7

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Egyptian Artifacts

Bronze Statue of the Goddess Neith

My Nonno loved bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪, and would always point them out to us in museums! Bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statuary 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 became very popular in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 starting around the Third Intermediate Period (26th Dynasty), and became very abundant in the Ptolemaic Period. However, the demand for bronze statues during this period resulted in mass production and a loss of craftsmanship and quality over time.

The Bronze Age started due to the rise in the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. Due to war and trade, bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 was able to come to Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 around 700 B.C.E. and replace the traditional stone 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓊪 and clay statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪.

The bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 pieces are great antiquities because they can preserve small details over long periods of time. On this statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 of Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭, the broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝 around her neck is still perfectly painted on, along with the design on the Red Crown 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓏏𓋔! Beautiful 𓄤 bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 pieces can be seen in museums around the world 𓇾𓇾!

Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭 was one of the goddesses 𓊹𓊹𓊹𓏏 of war and rose to popularity during the 16th Dynasty because her central city of worship, Sais, was the capital of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 at the time. She is also the protector of Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑, the son 𓅭 of Horus 𓅃𓀭 whose canopic jar contains the stomach 𓂋𓄣𓏻. Due to this, she was seen as a protector 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱 along with Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥, Nephytys 𓉠𓏏𓆇, and Selket 𓊃𓂋𓈎𓏏𓁐. She is usually seen wearing the Red Crown 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓏏𓋔 of Lower Egypt 𓆤 or with a shield and crossed arrows on her head.

Along with Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐, Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭 was one of my Nonno’s favorite deities! He always made sure to point her out in museums, and bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 of Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭 are abundant because she was a very popular goddess 𓊹𓏏 during the Bronze Age!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Bronze Statues of Sekhmet and Imhotep

This setup at the MET reminded me so much of my Nonno because Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 and Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪 were two of his favorite ancient Egyptian figures! Even better, is they these are both bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪; he loved all of the bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 so much! Seeing the two 𓏻 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 next to each other made me miss my Nonno so much.

Sekhmet (left) and Imhotep (right)

Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪, meaning “He who comes in peace,” was a non-royal man who became deified. This is a very rare occurrence, as it was thought by the Egyptians 𓆎𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏪 that the Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 was the only god 𓊹 on the Earth 𓇾𓇾. Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪 was not deified in his lifetime – it was 2,000 years after his death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 that he began to be worshipped 𓇼𓄿𓀢 as a god 𓊹. Not much is known about Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪 from his lifetime – much information about Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪 is from Demotic texts or stelae 𓎗𓅱𓆓𓉸𓏪 that were written thousands 𓆼𓆼𓆼 of years after his death 𓅓𓏏𓏱.

Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪 was regarded as the Son 𓅭 of Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱, who was the creator god 𓊹 of craftsmen and architects. He was also part of the “Memphis Triad,” which consisted of Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓀭, Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 and Imhotep 𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪.

Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓏏𓁐 was the goddess 𓊹𓏏 of war, but she is usually pictured with the sun disc 𓇳𓏤 on her head 𓁶𓏤 because she was also associated with the destructive aspects of the sun 𓇳𓏤 – such as the extreme heat of the desert 𓅟𓂋𓏏𓈊! Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓏏𓁐 was one powerful lady, and the Egyptians 𓆎𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏪 had many festivals dedicated to her in order to keep her happy!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Canopic Jars

Here are some very plain, but very cool canopic jars! While the Sons of Horus were first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, after the 18th Dynasty, the Four Sons of Horus were associated with being the heads 𓁶𓏦 on canopic jars which would guard the organs 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹𓏦 of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱. During the mummification process, certain organs 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹𓏦 were removed, dried out with natron salt, and then placed in these canopic jars. The heart 𓇋𓃀𓄣 was not removed because the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 needed their heart 𓇋𓃀𓄣 to be weighed by Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐!

While each Son of Horus was associated with an organ 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹, they were also each associated with a cardinal direction and were protected by a funerary goddess𓊹𓏏.

Imsety 𓇋𓐝𓋴𓍘𓇋 had the head of a human, protected the liver 𓅓𓊃𓏏𓄹𓏸𓏸𓏸, was associated with the South 𓇔𓅱𓏏 and was protected by Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥.

Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑 had the head of a jackal, protected the stomach 𓂋𓄣𓏻, was associated with the East 𓋁𓃀𓏏𓏭, and was protected by Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭.

Qebehsenuef 𓏁𓌢𓌢𓌢𓆑 had the head of a falcon, protected the intestines 𓈖𓊪𓅮𓄿𓏲𓏼, was associated with the West 𓋀𓏏𓏏𓈊, and was protected by Selket 𓊃𓂋𓈎𓏏𓁐.

Hapy 𓎛𓐑𓊪𓇌 had the head of a baboon, protected the lungs 𓊃𓌴𓄥𓅱𓄺, was associated with the North 𓎔𓏏, and was protected by Nephthys 𓉠𓏏𓆇.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Stick Ushabtis

Whenever I am in a museum, I take so many pictures of the different ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 that are on display! There are so many different types, and each type is beautiful 𓄤 in its own way!

These particular ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 that are are called “stick ushabtis” by archaeologists. Stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 are made of wood 𓆱𓏏𓏺, have a roughly mummiform shape, no artistic details, and have an inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 on the front. Most stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 are dated to the end of the 17th Dynasty to the beginning of the 18th Dynasty.

The function of these stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 also seem to be different than that of the regular ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 that are found in tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏦 whose function was to perform tasks for the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. The stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 have only been found in Thebes 𓌀𓏏𓊖, in the above ground chapels that were found near tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏦.

Instead of being a worker for the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱, stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 represented the family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 members of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱, and were placed in the above ground chapel as a way to symbolize family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 members being close to their dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱 loved one.

The stick ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 were usually placed in their own model coffins 𓋴𓅱𓎛𓏏𓆱𓏦, just like in the first picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏! I always liked the model coffins 𓋴𓅱𓎛𓏏𓆱𓏦, because I love tiny things! As a kid, the ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾𓏪 reminded me of dolls, and how cool is it to have a doll-sized ancient Egyptian coffin 𓋴𓅱𓎛𓏏𓆱!!!

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Amun in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

The inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 that you see in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 spells out the name 𓂋𓈖 of the god 𓊹 Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺! While many gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 had different variations on how to write their name 𓂋𓈖 in hieroglyphs, the spelling of Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 was pretty consistent, which makes it an easy name 𓂋𓈖 to recognize!

Let’s breakdown Amun-Ra’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 name 𓂋𓈖 into each individual symbol!

𓇋 – phonogram symbols for “j”
𓏠 – phonogram for “mn”
𓈖 – phonogram symbols for “n”
𓇳 – ideogram for “Ra” (𓇳 can also be a determinative for sun, day, and time)
𓏺 – not pronounced! The “𓏺” is there for spacing/aesthetic purposes!

Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 is the combination of the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓀭 (originally god 𓊹 of the air, then evolved to become chief of the Egyptian gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹) and Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 (god 𓊹 of the sun 𓇳𓏺). During the New Kingdom, Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓀭 and Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 were merged to create the single deity Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺. Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 was considered to be the father 𓇋𓏏𓀀 and protector 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻. The worship 𓇼𓄿𓀢 of Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 was extremely popular and took on a cult-like following.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Miniature Broad Collar

“𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅱𓏭𓇑𓇑 – How Beautiful This Is!” – I feel like this is the only appropriate phrase to describe this piece!

At the MET, this is named the “Miniature Broad Collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝.” It’s hard to tell from the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏, but this piece is actually small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩! It was probably not meant to be worn by a person – instead, this broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝 was most likely ceremonial and was probably placed on a statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾!

In Middle Egyptian, the word for broad collar was 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝 (pronounced “wesekh) or simply just the determinative hieroglyph 𓋝 could be used for the whole word. This particular broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝 was made during the early Ptolemaic Period (332–246 B.C.E.), though broad collars 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝𓏦 became very popular during the 18th Dynasty!

The broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝 was the necklace of choice by both the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 and the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦. Broad collars 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝𓏦 could be made of many different types of materials, including gold 𓋞𓃉𓃉𓃉 and inlaid stones 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓈙𓏦. In this broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝, lapis lazuli 𓐍𓋴𓃀𓂧𓏧 and turquoise were the stones of choice! I love how the colors of the gold 𓋞𓃉𓃉𓃉 and the different blues 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 counteract each other – it truly makes this a stunning 𓄤 piece! Though small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩, this piece truly stands out!

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Osiris in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

The inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 that you see in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 spells out the name 𓂋𓈖 of the god 𓊹 Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭. “Osiris” is actually the Greek version of the name 𓂋𓈖; the ancient Egyptians 𓆎𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏪 probably would have pronounced his name 𓂋𓈖 like “Isr.”

There are a couple of different ways to write Osiris’ 𓁹𓊨𓀭 name 𓂋𓈖, but “𓁹𓊨𓀭” is the most common way! Other variations are:
𓇬𓈖𓈖𓄤𓀭
𓊩𓁹

Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 is considered one of the most important deities in ancient Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. While he is mostly known as the god 𓊹 of the underworld/afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 (Duat), but that he also controlled all life 𓋹𓈖𓐍 from the underworld 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. This means that Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 was associated with the annual flooding of the Nile River 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 but also the growing vegetation and annual harvest. This makes sense since Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 is strongly connected with regeneration and rebirth, and the ancient Egyptians 𓆎𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏪 also associated the Nile 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 with these characteristics. Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 was even thrown into the Nile 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 after he was cut up by his brother 𓌢𓈖 Seth 𓊃𓏏𓄡𓁣!

It was believed that every person, not just deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 pharaohs, became associated with Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 when they died! However people were not resurrected in this life 𓋹𓈖𓐍 (even Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 himself wasn’t technically resurrected), instead, the person was reborn into the next life and lived in the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Turtle Bowl

I don’t know why, but I think this piece is so cute! It’s a bowl 𓂧𓈖𓇋𓏏𓏸 in the shape of a turtle 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉 that was made during the Predynastic Period (c. 3900–3500 B.C.E). The turtle 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉 bowl 𓂧𓈖𓇋𓏏𓏸 is made of red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 clay!

In ancient Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, turtles 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉𓏦 were seen as an ambiguous force because they were creatures of both land 𓇾 and water 𓈗. Turtles 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉𓏦 were also seen as the enemy of Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛, and in chapter 162 of the Book of the Dead, it is stated that “May Ra live, and may the turtle die.” The turtles 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉𓏦 that lived in the Nile 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 were mostly nocturnal, which is probably why they were considered to be Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 enemy. Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 was the sun 𓇳 god 𓊹, and was responsible for the rising of the sun 𓇳, while the night represented Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 death 𓅓𓏏𓏱.

While not as popular as some iconography, throughout Egyptian history, turtles 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉𓏦 took the form of vessels, palettes 𓐝𓊃𓏏𓆱𓏦, amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪, and images 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 on objects such as stelae 𓎗𓅱𓆓𓉸𓏪.

Turtle 𓈙𓏏𓄿𓆉 can also be written in hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 like this: 𓆉𓏺.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Djed Pillar Amulets

I absolutely love amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 because I love tiny 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 things! The MET has an incredible collection of amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪, and I feel like most people just walk by them because they’re so small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩! But even small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 objects can tell incredible stories about history!

In ancient Egyptian religion and culture, amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 were thought to have magical 𓎛𓂓𓄿𓏜 powers and bestow them upon its wearer. Worn by both the living and the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱, different amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 served various religious and protective functions. Amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 were usually made of faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼, which is a cheap and easy material to work with. Most faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼 pieces have a green/blue 𓇅𓆓𓏛 color. This is because these colors were thought to represent life 𓋹 and regeneration.

The djed pillar 𓊽 was associated with Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 and his regenerative powers and is thus considered an amulet 𓊐𓊪𓅆 of power. The djed pillars 𓊽 are usually blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 or green 𓇅𓄿𓆓𓏛 in color to represent the Nile River 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺. These amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 date back to the Old Kingdom, and were used throughout Egyptian history. In the New Kingdom, they were strung around the neck of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱. In hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, the djed 𓊽 symbol means “stability” or “enduring.”

The djed pillar 𓊽 has also been thought to represent the spine of Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭, as referenced in The Book of the Dead: “Raise yourself up Osiris. You have your backbone once more, weary-hearted One; you have bones.”

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Egyptian Artifacts

Sketch of a Hippo

This is a sketch of a hippo 𓌉𓏏𓃯 completed by an artist during the joint reign of Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 and Thutmosis III 𓇳𓏠𓆣 (c. 1479–1425 B.C.E., 18th Dynasty). Ostraca were pieces of limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 that artists would practice drawing and writing on, simply because papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 was very expensive!

In Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, hippos 𓌉𓏏𓃯𓏦 were both feared and respected 𓈙𓆑𓄅. They were feared because they were one of the most dangerous animals in the Nile Valley 𓇗. However, in some cases, hippos 𓌉𓏏𓃯𓏦 were also thought to be powerful protectors 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 against evil!

For example, the goddess 𓊹𓏏 Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 was represented as a hippo 𓌉𓏏𓃯 standing on two 𓏻 feet. Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 was the goddess 𓊹𓏏 of childbirth and was the protector of women 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐𓏪 and children 𓐍𓇌𓀕𓏪. However, when the hippo 𓌉𓏏𓃯 was in its animal form, the hippo 𓌉𓏏𓃯 was a representation of Seth 𓊃𓏏𓄡𓁣, the god 𓊹 of chaos!

In this image 𓏏𓅱𓏏however, I don’t believe there’s any hidden meaning or good 𓄤𓆑𓂋 vs. evil 𓃀𓇋𓈖𓏏𓅨 debate going on! I think the artist was just simply practicing! Usually ostraca contain guidelines or a grid, but this one does not! I’m assuming this means that this was the work of an experienced artist! Also, the hippo 𓌉𓏏𓃯 is beautiful 𓄤, and it’s also colored in, so it looks like a completed work and not necessarily a sketch!