Month: June 2022

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Egyptian Artifacts

Limestone Fragment of Akhenaten

There are so many cool pieces in the Petrie Museum – while the pieces may not be as big or grand as the ones in the MET, Louvre, or British Museums, they are significant because they give a glimpse into the more subtle greatnesses in Egyptian society. Actually though, the “sister piece” to this one is actually in the MET!

This piece of limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 (dated c. 1353–1336 B.C.E.) is what is known as a “trial piece” – basically it was practice for the artist/sculptor before they made the real thing! This was found in the sculptor’s workshop at Amarna (in the southern 𓇔𓅱𓏏 part of the city). While Tell el-Amarna is the modem name for the area, Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 named his new capital “Akhetaton” or “Horizon of the Aten” – the capital of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 was originally Thebes 𓌀𓏏𓊖 before the big move.

Petrie spent a lot of time excavating that part of the city during his time there from 1891-1892. Most of what we initially learned about the city and it’s architecture came from Petrie’s excavations. Fun Fact: Howard Carter assisted Petrie on these digs!

The piece unmistakably depicts Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖. It is very easy to tell when Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 is being shown because of his very distinct facial features (pointed chin, long neck/face). It would also make sense that most of the artwork that was found at the sculptors workshop in his capital would contain art that depicted him, Nefertiti 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭, the royal family, and the Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳.

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Cartouche of Thutmosis I

This fragment of a limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 relief shows part of the cartouche for the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓! Let’s take a look at his name 𓂋𓈖!

While Thutmosis I’s birth name is usually written as (𓅝𓄟𓋴) this particular cartouche shows a variant of this name 𓂋𓈖. The full variant would most likely read (𓈍𓅝𓄟𓋴𓄤𓏥𓊃) which means “Thoth is born, who has appeared perfectly.”

Another variant of his birth name is (𓈍𓅝𓇳𓄟𓏇𓊃) which means “Thoth is born, who has appeared like Ra.” The more popular variant of this birth name, (𓅝𓄟𓋴) simply means “Thoth is born.”

Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 (this is his throne name -“Great is the manifestation of the Soul of Ra”) was the third 𓏼 pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of the 18th Dynasty. Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 was responsible for many successful military campaigns and building projects, including additions to the Temple of Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖 at Karnak. Though, in my opinion, Thutmosis I’s 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 most notable achievement is being Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 father 𓇋𓏏𓀀!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Anubis and Osiris – Cool Pieces at the Petrie Museum

This photo 𓏏𓅱𓏏 has two 𓏻 cool things: an interesting limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 piece that represents Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 (left) and a wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 piece that represents Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 (right). While neither piece is “grand,” they pose some interesting questions because they are quite unique!

Let’s start with Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 (because he’s my favorite)! Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 is seated on a shrine (very similar in style to one of his determinative “𓃣” hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪). The ears are strange here because they are beautifully 𓄤 carved, but the limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 between them was not cut away. Was this a stylistic choice or was the piece unfinished? We will probably never know! Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 was found at Saqqara and dates to the 26th Dynasty.

The Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 piece is also a bit strange. It is a large wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 figure that has been put into a base during modern times (to display easier). Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 is shown in his typical mummiform 𓇋𓁹𓅱𓀾 way – wearing the Atef Crown 𓋚 and holding the crook 𓋾 and flail 𓌅 in his hands. What’s interesting is that the figure is very “blocky” – there are absolutely no fine details shown. Ancient Egyptian artists were known for fine details so again the question is: is the piece intended to look like this or is it incomplete? Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 is dated to the 30th Dynasty – Ptolemaic Period and was also found at Saqqara.

Also totally unrelated but you can see the ushabti 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾 necklace from my previous post in the background of this picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏!!

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Egyptian Artifacts

A Collection of Amulets

I love ancient Egyptian amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 – probably because I love tiny objects! Amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 were small objects wrapped within the bandages on a mummy 𓇋𓁹𓅱𓀾 or worn by a living person. The purpose of the amulets was to protect the wearer with magic powers that were specific to that amulet 𓊐𓊪𓅆. The amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 were also supposed to aid in resurrection. Here in the British Museum, they had quite a nice display of some faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼 amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪! I love faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼 pieces because I love their blue-green 𓇅𓆓𓏛 color! I also like this display because you can see different style variations!

The wedjat 𓂀 (Eye of Horus) is a very common symbol of protection 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 and regeneration. The wedjat 𓂀 symbol was used by both the living and the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱! Many people wore wedjat 𓂀 necklaces or rings 𓂝𓈖𓏏𓋪𓏦 in order to invoke its powers of protection 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜. This very much shows how religion and fashion were very much related in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖!

The Isis knot 𓎬 is representative of a tied piece of cloth and is associated with the blood of Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥 (hence why red colored stones are usually used to make these amulets). It is a symbol of protection 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐, and was usually placed at the neck of the deceased. Knots in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 were thought to release magic.

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Egyptian Artifacts

(More) Ushabti Figures

More ushabtis!!!! Most ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures are made of faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼, but can also be made out of wood, limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉, calcite, terracotta and more rarely, bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦. Today I’m going to talk about bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures!

It is pretty rare to find bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures and there are not too many instances of archaeologists finding bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ones in tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏥. Before the discovery of the royal tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏥 at Tanis 𓆓𓂝𓈖𓏏𓊖, only six 𓏿 bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures had been found. One 𓏺 was for the pharaoh Rameses II 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓇓, and five 𓏾 were for Rameses III 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖.

The pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Psusennes I 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓅮𓇼𓈍𓈖𓊖 of the 21st Dynasty (c. 1000 B.C.E.) had many bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures made. The bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 ushabtis 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 are in similar style to the “regular” types of ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures made with more popular materials. They are mummiform, with the arms crossed on the chest with an inscription on the front. Psusennes’ 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓅮𓇼𓈍𓈖𓊖 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures are distributed in museums around the world and are highly valued pieces despite their modest appearance!

Unrelated, but I love Psusennes I’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓅮𓇼𓈍𓈖𓊖 name 𓂋𓈖! It translates to “ The star who has appeared in Nut, beloved of Amun.” Sometimes, Nut 𓈖𓏏𓊖 is taken to mean “Thebes” in royal titularly. Nut 𓏌𓏏𓇯𓀭 is the goddess 𓊹𓏏 of the sky 𓊪𓏏𓇯! Nut can be written as “𓈖𓏏𓊖” or “𓏌𓏏𓇯𓀭” (and there are other variations as well)!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Ushabti Figures

One of the reasons I find ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures so fascinating is because they come in many different styles and can be made from many different types of materials. Most ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures are made of faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼, but can also be made out of wood, limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉, calcite, terracotta and more rarely, bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦. The faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures can come in all different colors: blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥, red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟, green 𓇅𓄿𓆓𓏛, blue-green 𓇅𓆓𓏛, white 𓌉𓆓𓇳 and others!

I love how this display at the British Museum shows many different styles/colors of ushabtis 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾!

There are two 𓏻 ways to write ushabti in hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪:

𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾 – šwbtj – the earlier word that was used in Egypt.
𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 – wšbtj – the “newer” form of the word. This is where the Egyptological term of “ushabti” or “shabti” (both are correct terms to use) originated from!

So which version of the word do I use in my posts? Both! I like to mix it up! “ 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏮𓀾” seems to be the version preferred by Allen, while “ 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾” seems to be more used by Budge and other earlier hieroglyphic dictionaries. I think it’s important to be able to recognize both versions for translation purposes! In English, my Nonno always said “ushabti” so I always use it! I will rarely say/use “shabti.”

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Egyptian Artifacts

Ushabtis of the High Priests of Amun

This group of blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 glazed faience 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼 ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 (or shabti) figures belonged to different “High Priests of Amun 𓊹𓍛𓌐𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳” and their families. These ushabtis 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 were found in the Royal Cache at Deir el-Bahri and are dated to the 21-22 Dynasties (1070-925 B.C.E.).

The “High Priest of Amun 𓊹𓍛𓌐𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳” was the top ranking priest 𓊹𓍛 in the priesthood of the god 𓊹 Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖. The High Priests of Amun 𓊹𓍛𓌐𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳 first appeared during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom and gained a lot of power under Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 and Thutmosis III 𓇳𓏠𓆣. The Theban high priest was usually appointed by the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻. However, their power was curtailed when Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 came to the throne and changed the polytheistic Egyptian religion to the monotheistic worship 𓇼𓄿𓀢 of the Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳.

Though not officially pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 themselves, The High Priests of Amun 𓊹𓍛𓌐𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳 during the 21st Dynasty were unofficial rulers of Upper Egypt 𓇓. Their names 𓂋𓈖𓏦 even appeared in cartouches and they were buried in royal tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏦. This partially explains why these particular ushabti 𓅱𓈙𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾 figures have the craftsmanship that would usually be reserved for royalty.

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Limestone Reliefs of Thutmosis III

Here is a very nice raised relief in limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 which depicts pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Thutmosis III 𓅝𓄠𓋴 wearing the blue crown 𓆣𓂋𓈙𓋙 (left). He can be identified based off of the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 of his name 𓂋𓈖 that appear to his right.

Limestone relief of Thutmosis III in the Brooklyn Museum

Here are the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 broken down:

𓇳𓏠𓆣 – Menkheperra (Thutmosis III’s throne name)
𓊹𓄤 – The Great God
𓎟𓇿𓇿 – Lord of the Two Lands

Also on the right is the remnant of another person – most likely the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 (a portion of a shoulder and a crown are seen, so the presence of the crown allows us to infer that it is in fact another royal figure).

What is super interesting about this piece is that the images 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 that are carved are not the actual pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 themselves, but statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 of them! This relief is depicting a religious precession that took place at Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐. This piece was excavated from the temple and is dated to c. 1478-1458 B.C.E.

Here is another example of a limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 relief of Thutmosis III 𓅝𓄠𓋴 wearing the blue crown 𓆣𓂋𓈙𓋙. Menkheperra 𓇳𓏠𓆣 (Thutmosis III’s throne name) is above his head 𓁶𓏺 on the relief so we know that it is him! This one is in the Vatican Museum!

Limestone relief of Thutmosis III in the Vatican Museum

While many know that the Ankh 𓋹 is the symbol that corresponds with the word “Life,” the Ankh 𓋹 had other symbolic meanings as well – one of which is shown on this relief fragment!

The Ankh 𓋹 can also symbolize the purifying 𓋴𓃂𓈗 power of water 𓈗. In many temples 𓉟𓏏𓉐𓏦 in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 (like Thutmosis III 𓅝𓄠𓋴 here) is flanked by two 𓏻 gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹. One of the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 who did was was usually Thoth 𓅝𓏏𓏭𓀭, but it is impossible to tell which god 𓊹 is performing the action in this relief. The gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 would pour a stream of Ankhs 𓋹𓋹𓋹 over his head 𓁶𓏺 to cleanse 𓋴𓃂𓈗 and purify 𓋴𓃂𓈗 him (Fun Fact: cleanse and purify can be the same word in hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 but there are other variations of each word too).

Totally unrelated thought but I have always loved the word for water (𓈗) because it is the “n” symbol! Since my name 𓂋𓈖 is Nicole and my name would start with 𓈖 in hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, as a kid 𓐍𓇌𓀕 I would refer to 𓈖 and 𓈗 as “my symbol” 😂.

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Limestone Parapet from Amarna

Here is a limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 fragment of a parapet (c. 1352-1336 B.C.E., New Kingdom Amarna Period) that depicts the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 and Nefertiti 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭. A parapet is a low wall, and it may have been part of a temple 𓉟𓏏𓉐 at one point.

In the image 𓏏𓅱𓏏, Nefertiti 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭 is offering cartouches to the Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳. These cartouches do not belong to Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖, but to the Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳 itself which is different because cartouches were usually for pharaohs. Also strange is that other gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 are mentioned in the Aten’s 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳 cartouches, even while the Egyptian religion was banned. These might be early cartouches, before a complete ban took effect. There is also a lot of debate because does this mean that Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 was the Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳 on Earth 𓇾𓇾, or were they two 𓏻 separate beings?

Front side of the limestone parapet from Amarna

Here is a closer look at the cartouches:

(𓈌𓈌𓅊𓋹𓎛𓂝𓏮𓏛𓐝𓈌) – “ “The living Re-Horakhty, Rejoicing in the horizon”

(𓐝𓂋𓈖𓆑𓐝𓆄𓅱𓇳𓈖𓏏𓏮𓐝𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳) – “In his name as Shu, who is in the Aten”

Also in the image𓏏𓅱𓏏, Aten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳 is extending light rays to Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 and Nefertiti 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭. The light rays are represented by lines, with hands 𓂧𓏏𓏦 on the end that are holding Ankhs 𓋹𓋹𓋹.

Obverse side of the limestone parapet from Amarna

This is the obverse side of the limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 fragment of a parapet (c. 1352-1336 B.C.E., New Kingdom Amarna Period) that depicts the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 (left) and Nefertiti 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭 (right).

The piece is in such poor condition because after the death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 of Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖, his city was abandoned and fell to disarray. This makes the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 difficult to translate but I will try! Also, many of the buildings were destroyed by Rameses II 𓁩𓁛𓈘𓄟𓋴𓇓 and the materials were then used to build 𓐍𓂤𓅱𓋴𓀧 one of his temples 𓉟𓏏𓉐𓏦.

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! This is the third column from the left:

(𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖) – cartouche of Akhenaten
𓐙𓉻 – “True of Voice” or “Justified”
𓊢𓂝𓇳𓏤 – Lifetime
𓆑 – “he” or “his”

“Akhenaten, true of voice, in his lifetime…”

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Hatshepsut – Dispelling Misconceptions

There are many misconceptions about Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪, and I want to show why they are misconceptions.

It was always said by historians that Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 was “showing herself as a male” or “trying/wanting to be a man.” These statements are just not true. Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 never portrayed herself as a man 𓊃𓀀𓏤. She portrayed herself as a Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, which she was! In fact, she very much referred to herself as a woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐. How do we know? It’s all in the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

Let’s take a look at the titles she gives herself.

The inscription reads: 𓄤𓊹𓏏𓎟𓏏𓇿𓇿𓇳𓁦𓂓𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎟𓎼𓎼𓎼𓇿𓇿𓌸𓇌𓋹𓍘𓆖

𓄤𓊹𓏏 – “Perfect goddess”
𓎟𓏏𓇿𓇿 – “Lady of the Two Lands”
𓇳𓁦𓂓 – “Maatkare” (Hatshepsut’s throne name)
𓇋𓏠𓈖 – Amun
𓎟𓎼𓎼𓎼𓇿𓇿 – Lord of the Thrones
𓌸𓇌 – Beloved
𓋹𓍘 – May She Live!
𓆖 – Eternity

So the inscription reads “Perfect goddess, lady of the two lands Maatkare, Beloved of Amun, Lord of the Thrones, May She Live, For Eternity.”

If Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 was referring to herself as a man 𓊃𓀀𓏤 or trying to be a man 𓊃𓀀𓏤, the inscription would read like this:

𓄤𓊹 𓎟𓇿𓇿 𓇳𓁦𓂓 – “Perfect god, lord of the two lands Maatkare.”

The addition of the “𓏏” makes the words the feminine version! “𓎟 – Lord” becomes “𓎟𓏏 – Lady” and “𓊹 -God” becomes “ 𓊹𓏏 – Goddess.” So as you can see, Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 is very much referring to herself as a woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐 – it’s in the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

Here is the other inscription that is on the statue:

The inscription reads:𓅭𓏏𓇳𓈖𓏏𓄡𓏏𓆑(𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪)𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓇓𓏏𓊹𓏥𓌻𓇌𓋹𓏏𓆓𓆑

𓅭𓏏𓇳 – Daughter of Ra
𓈖𓏏𓄡𓏏𓆑 – Bodily/Of Her Body
(𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪) – Hatshepsut’s cartouche (birth name)
𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳 – Amun-Ra
𓇓𓏏 – King of (feminine form of King)
𓊹𓏥 – Gods
𓌻𓇌 – Beloved
𓋹𓏏𓆓𓆑 – She Live Forever (forever is usually written as “𓆖”)

Put together, the inscription reads: “Bodily daughter of Ra, Hatshepsut, beloved of Amun-Ra, King of the Gods, May She Live Forever.”

Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 is very much referring to herself as a woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐 – it’s in the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! If she called herself the “Son of Ra” the inscription would look like “𓅭𓇳” instead of “𓅭𓏏𓇳. ” The word for “bodily 𓈖𓏏𓄡𓏏𓆑” is also feminized, and would be written as “𓈖𓏏𓄡𓆑” if it was referencing a male. The word for “king 𓇓” is also written in the feminine form and has the “𓏏” at the end (𓇓𓏏).

There was no word for “queen” in Middle Egyptian, the closest word that exists is “𓇓𓏏𓏏𓈞,” which translates to “The King’s Wife.” Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 was certainly not the King’s Wife: she was the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻/king 𓇓𓏏.

This misconception needs to be squashed, because it very much erases Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 identity 𓂋𓈖 and as we know, the name/identity 𓂋𓈖 of a person was essential to Egyptian cultural beliefs. Referring to Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 as anything but how she referred to herself is an insult to her.