Tag: gods and goddesses

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Egyptian Artifacts

Was Anubis Mentioned in the Bible?

As we all know, Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is the Egyptian god π“ŠΉ of embalming and tombs/cemeteries. This means that Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 was the main protector π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ of the recently deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱! During the New Kingdom, more specifically the 18th Dynasty, it became common for statues π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύπ“ͺ of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 to be placed in tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“¦ as a sort of protection π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ for the dead! The most famous example is the β€œAnubis Shrine 𓃣” that was found in Tutankhamun’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“π“…±π“π“‹Ήπ“‹Ύπ“‰Ίπ“‡“ tomb π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰! The statue π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύ in this picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 is from the Late Period.

Since I am in the process of reading the Bible, here’s something very interesting about Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 I just learned recently! Did you know that some Bible/religious scholars believe that Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is actually mentioned in Exodus!? When I was reading Exodus, and I caught what I thought was a reference to Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣, I was shocked and immediately had to start researching!

β€œBut not a dog shall growl against any of the people of Israel, either man or beast, that you may know that the Lord makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel.” (Exodus 11:7, English Standard Version) Another translation is “But against all the Israelites, whether man or beast, not even a dog will snarl.”

The plagues of Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– can be interpreted as the Egyptian gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ being powerless against God himself – such as when God blocked the Sun 𓇳𓏺 for three 𓏼 days during the ninth plague, Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 was powerless to stop it. So, the mention of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 can be interpreted as Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 having no power over life and death 𓅓𓏏𓏱, or that Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 will have no power over the death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 of the people of Israel (Canaan π“‘π“„Ώπ“‰”π“ˆŠπ“­ in The Bible). It can also be taken as God (not Anubis) would bring death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 to Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, but not Israel π“‘π“„Ώπ“‰”π“ˆŠπ“­.

Again, these are interpretations of the Bible (including some of my own), and I’m sure many scholars and other readers have their own interpretations that are different and just as valid!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Frogs and the Exodus

I’m going to talk about the Second Plague of Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– today: Frogs π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“†π“¦! Many Biblical/religious scholars believe that the 10 Plagues of Egypt were not only directed by God against the Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻/people of Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, but the Egyptian π“†Žπ“π“€€π“ deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ as well.

These frog π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“† figures are dated to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3000-2675 B.C.E.) so these are quite old! Frogs π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“†π“¦ were not really written about at all during these predynastic times, and these statues π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύπ“ͺ predate a lot of religious writing π“Ÿπ“›π“₯ and iconography , however, they are mentioned in Exodus (starting at 8:1).

The Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ believed the frog π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“† to be a symbol of fertility because they would appear after the flooding of the Nile River π“‡‹π“π“‚‹π“…±π“ˆ—π“ˆ˜π“ˆ‡π“Ί, so they were associated with life π“‹Ή/the regenerative qualities of water π“ˆ—. The frog π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“† is also associated with the fertility goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Heqet π“Ž›π“ˆŽπ“π“† who is represented as a woman with a frog π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“† head.

Heqet π“Ž›π“ˆŽπ“π“† also had the task of controlling the population of frogs π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“†π“¦ in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– by protecting the frog-eating crocodiles. Without Heqet π“Ž›π“ˆŽπ“π“†, the frog π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“† population would grow out of control! During the Second Plague, God overwhelmed Heqet π“Ž›π“ˆŽπ“π“† hence the large amount of frogs π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‚‹π“†π“¦ that appeared in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–! It is God who controls fertility, not Heqet π“Ž›π“ˆŽπ“π“† because The Lord is all powerful!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Amulets of Anubis

Amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣! One of Anubis’ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 titles is, π“‡‹π“Άπ“…±π“π“Žπ“Š–, β€œHe who is in the mummy wrappings” – which reminds me of amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ!

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ were quite abundant during the Late – Ptolemaic Period (664–31 B.C.E.). These are made of faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό, which was a popular material to make amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ out of because faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό is both easy to work with and very cheap. It was very easy to mass produce these types of amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ!

Funerary amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ such as these were often made in the form of deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ who had various roles in protecting π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱. Amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ would be woven into the wrappings of the mummy 𓇋𓁹𓅱𓀾, and placed in specific locations in the wrappings depending on its function. Amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ were magical π“Ž›π“‚“π“„Ώπ“œ items whose main role was protection π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ!

While some amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ were worn by the living, an amulet π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…† of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 would have been worn only by the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱. As Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is the god π“ŠΉ of embalming/mummification and tombs/cemeteries, he was tasked with protecting π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱. Since the body of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 needed to be preserved in order for them to reach the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐, Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 had a significant role in the deceased’s journey – which is where amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ in his likeness came into play! Amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ commonly took the form of the power that they represented!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Anubis – Name in Hieroglyphs

Can you tell that I love Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣?!?! πŸ–€ And yes, I did take a selfie with Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 that was on a sarcophagus π“ŽŸπ“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“π“Š­ when I was the MET!

Nicole (me) with Anubis!

There are so many misconceptions about Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 especially in pop culture (Anubis was the villain for like seven seasons of Stargate SG-1)! Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is always depicted as the β€œbad guy,” when in reality, he most certainly was not! Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 was an extremely respected Egyptian god π“ŠΉ due to his role in protecting π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱, preserving the body (mummification) and aiding the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱 in reaching the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 (afterlife) through the Weighing of the Heart.

In the Old Kingdom, Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 was the most prominent god π“ŠΉ of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱, however, he was replaced by Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ during the Middle Kingdom when Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ became the more prominent god π“ŠΉ of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱.

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 in hieroglyphs

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 played a big role in the myth of Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ as well – after Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯ recovered Osiris’ π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ body parts, she brought them to Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 who wrapped them in cloth and performed the Opening of the Mouth on Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­. The Opening of the Mouth was a ritual that would restore the senses to the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 and allow them to work in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Scarab Amulets

The scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 is the personification is the god π“ŠΉ Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛. The scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ were said to be the most powerful of amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ because the the ancient Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ believed that the dung beetle (which the scarab was fashioned after) was capable of eternal regeneration. Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛 was considered to be the god π“ŠΉ of the morning sun 𓇳𓏺, and was usually depicted as a scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣, or as a human body with a scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 for a head 𓁢𓏺! Due to his ties with the sun 𓇳𓏺, Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛 was considered to be an aspect of the sun 𓇳𓏺 god π“ŠΉ Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛!

The god π“ŠΉ Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛 symbolizes a β€œlife cycle” – birth, death, and then rebirth in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. This cycle was essential to Egyptian religious beliefs, as Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ spent their lives preparing for death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 and entering the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 (afterlife).

One of the best things about the MET are these little galleries that are offshoots of the main galleries – there are some real treasures (such as this scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 display) hidden away here! Honestly I love these little galleries more than the main areas – it’s almost like having a private museum!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Amulets of Taweret

Here are some faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ of the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗! More people are now familiar with Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 because of Moon Knight, but let’s dive into some history/information about her!

While the ancient Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ both feared and revered π“‡‹π“Œ΄π“„ͺ hippos π“Œ‰π“π“ƒ―π“¦ due to their strength and power, Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 was a goddess π“ŠΉπ“ who was a protector π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ of women π“Šƒπ“π“‚‘π“π“π“ͺ and children π“π“‡Œπ“€•π“ͺ! The name π“‚‹π“ˆ– Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 actually means β€œthe great (female) one!” That is certainly a name π“‚‹π“ˆ– that suits her!

While many amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ were usually placed on mummies 𓇋𓁹𓅱𓀾π“ͺ to help the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 on their journey to the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 (afterlife), amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ of Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 were usually found in homes because she was a goddess π“ŠΉπ“ who was essential to family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 life. The family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 unit was an incredibly important feature not only in daily life π“‹Ή, but in religious observances as well. The amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ of Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 would provide protection π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ in the home, especially during childbirth, which was quite deadly for mothers 𓄿𓏏𓁐π“ͺ at the time. For this reason, Taweret 𓏏𓄿𓅩𓂋𓏏𓆗 was usually worshipped in the home instead of in temples π“‰Ÿπ“π“‰π“ͺ!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Nefertem

Here is a bronze π“ˆ”π“€π“ˆ’π“¦ statue π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύ of the god π“ŠΉ Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯!

Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯 is usually associated with perfumes, but this role is secondary to his role as the god π“ŠΉ of the lotus flower 𓆸 that rose out of the primeval waters π“ˆ— in the Egyptian π“†Žπ“π“€€π“ creation myth. However, in the Pyramid Texts (from the Old Kingdom), Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯 is actually described as β€œThe lotus blossom which is before the nose of Ra,” so he was clearly always associated with both lotus flowers 𓆸 and perfumes/scents!

Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯 is always depicted as a young man π“Šƒπ“€€π“€ with a large lotus flower 𓆸 on his head 𓁢𓏺! Less commonly, he can be shown as a human body with a lion π“Œ³π“Ήπ“„Ώπ“„› head 𓁢𓏺 wearing the lotus 𓆸 headdress.

In Memphis π“ π“ˆ–π“„€π“†‘π“‚‹π“‰΄π“Š–, Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯 was part of the triad with Ptah π“Šͺπ“π“Ž›π“± and Sekhmet π“Œ‚π“π“…“π“π“, and was often portrayed as their child π“π“‡Œπ“€•. Father 𓇋𓏏𓀀-Mother 𓅐𓏏𓁐-Child π“π“‡Œπ“€• triads and family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 units were extremely important to Egyptian culture! Nefertem 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯 wasn’t commonly worshipped 𓇼𓄿𓀒 by the masses because he was usually associated with royal monuments. His association with Sekhmet π“Œ‚π“π“…“π“π“ also made him somewhat feared because she was a strong and ferocious goddess π“ŠΉπ“!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Duamutef – Canopic Jar

While Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 may be the most common jackal π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯-headed god π“ŠΉ in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, there are other gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ that have the head 𓁢𓏺 of a jackal π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯ as well! This is a faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό canopic jar with the head of the god π“ŠΉ Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑!

Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑, whose name π“‚‹π“ˆ– can also be written as 𓂧𓍯𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑, was one of the four Sons of Horus. Duamutef’s 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑 job was to protect π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ the stomach 𓂋𓄣𓏻 of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 which is why he is commonly represented on the lid of canopic jars. The function of the canopic jar was to hold the organs 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹𓏦 that were removed during the process of mummification.

Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑 is associated with the west π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ, and all four Sons of Horus are associated with a cardinal direction. The goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Neith π“ˆ–π“π“‹Œπ“€­ was tasked with protecting π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑. The name Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑 means β€œHe who adores his mother.”

This canopic jar is dated to the Ramesside period (19th Dynasty, c. 1295–1185 B.C.E.).

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Egyptian Artifacts

Wepwawet

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is not the only jackal π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯-headed god π“ŠΉ in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– and it can be easy to get some of them confused because they look similar! Even in ancient texts Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 and Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 can be confused with each other but they are separate deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ! This is a bronze π“ˆ”π“€π“ˆ’π“¦ statue π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύ of the god π“ŠΉ Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧! While the head is cut off, the Uraeus 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗 is in front of Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 on this piece!

This piece was likely used in a royal procession, as Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 was one of the symbols carried in front of a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 during certain rituals/ceremonies. Wepwawet’s π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– translates to β€œopener of the ways,” and he was even associated with clearing the path for the sun 𓇳𓏺 to rise in the sky π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯! This is probably why he was carried in front of a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 during processions!

Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 is associated with Abydos π“‹π“ƒ€π“ˆ‹π“Š– and is likely the oldest god π“ŠΉ associated with the jackal π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯! Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 has been depicted on objects that even pre-date the Narmer 𓆒𓍋 Palette π“π“Šƒπ“π“†±! Wepwawet π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 is associated with war and conquest, and leading ritual processions.

There are a couple of different variations of Wepwawet’s π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ:
𓃧
π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓃧
π“„‹π“ˆπ“₯𓏏𓁒

The first way the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is written is just the determinative symbol, while the other two 𓏻 ways show the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– spelled out the same, but the determinative at the end is different!

This piece is dated to the Late Period–Ptolemaic Period (c. 664–30 B.C.E.).

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Egyptian Artifacts

Khonsu

Let’s talk about Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€―!

The god π“ŠΉ Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€― is definitely getting some media attention due to Moon Knight! While this gold π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰ pendant may look like Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 at quick glance, this is actually the god π“ŠΉ Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€―! When they are both in their falcon π“ƒ€π“‡‹π“Ž‘π“…„ form, they might be mistaken with each other, especially since Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 is represented with the sun disk 𓇳𓏺 on his head 𓁢𓏺, while Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€― is represented with the moon π“‡‹π“‚π“Ž›π“‡Ή on his head 𓁢𓏺 – since both are circles, they do look similar!

Khonsu’s π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€― role in the pantheon has changed throughout time, and he was quite the bloodthirsty god π“ŠΉ in the Pyramid Texts, however in the New Kingdom he was a more peaceful god π“ŠΉ of the moon π“‡‹π“‚π“Ž›π“‡Ή. He was considered to be the son π“…­ of Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“€­ and Mut 𓏏𓄿𓀭, and together the three of them made up the Theban triad.

While Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€― does take the form of a falcon π“ƒ€π“‡‹π“Ž‘π“…„, he is usually represented as a man π“Šƒπ“€€π“€ wrapped in mummy bandages and wearing a crescent 𓇹 shaped necklace! He can also be depicted with his hands/arms 𓂝𓏦 restrained. That representation sounds familiar, doesn’t it?! The anthropomorphic form of Khonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€― definitely inspired parts of the Moon Knight comics and tv show!

The name π“‚‹π“ˆ– β€œKhonsu π“π“ˆ–π“‡“π“…±π“€―β€œ is thought to come from the verb β€œto traverse” and it means β€œhe who traverses (the sky).” This piece is dated to the 19th-20th Dynasties (c. 1295–1070 B.C.E).