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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Hathor 𓉑

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the name of the Egyptian goddess Hathor 𓉑. 

Hathor 𓉑

Hathor’s 𓉑 name is so cool because it is unique compared to that of the other deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ! This is because her name is written with a composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ! A composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ is the combination of many symbols into one symbol! Even with the combination of the symbols, the sounds of the original symbol are still retained! 

Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is the combination of an enclosure (house) 𓉗 and the falcon π“…ƒ. 

𓉗 +π“…ƒ = 𓉑 

Let’s take a closer look at the name: 

𓉗 – αΈ₯wt (pronounced like β€œhet”)

π“…ƒ – αΈ₯rw (pronounced like β€œheru”)

𓉑 – αΈ₯wt-αΈ₯rw

Het (𓉗) + Heru (π“…ƒ) = 𓉑 

Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– can actually be translated into English as β€œHouse of Horus” or β€œEstate of Horus” depending on how you translate the 𓉗 hieroglyph. 

Just like other deities, there are many ways to write Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– in hieroglyphs. It is rare to see these variants! Here are some of the uncommon variants of her name: 

π“₯

𓉑π“₯

𓉗𓁷𓂋𓆗 𓉑

Let’s break down the symbols! Today we are going to look at the individual and composite glyphs! 

The β€œPlan of an Enclosure 𓉗” symbol is an ideogram that is associated with the sound β€œαΈ₯wt” and can be translated as β€œhouse” or β€œenclosure.” 

The β€œFalcon 𓅃” symbol is an ideogram for the sound β€œαΈ₯rw” which is Horus! 

The β€œπ“‰‘β€ symbol is a combination of 𓉗 + π“…ƒ and is associated with the sound values of αΈ₯wt-αΈ₯rw and is always associated with the name of the goddess Hathor! 

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the name of the Egyptian god Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣. 

Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣

There are many variants of Anubis’ name and two of the most common variants are π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓃣 and π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺπ“…± like seen in my image but it was also commonly written as β€œπ“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣,” which is a full form of the name. As you can see, one variant has the determinant and one does not!

Let’s take a closer look at the name: 

𓇋 – Δ±Ν—

π“ˆ– – n

π“Šͺ – p 

π“…± – w/u

𓃣 – not pronounced in this case

Egyptologists believe that the proper way to say Anubis in Middle Egyptian is β€œΔ±Ν—npw” (pronounced like β€œInpu” or β€œAnpu”). β€œAnubis” is actually the Greek way to say the name! 

Let’s break down the symbols:

The β€œreed 𓇋” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.” It is usually associated with modern English β€œI” or β€œY” sounds. 

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also a uniliteral phonogram. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” 

The β€œstool π“Šͺ” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram for the sound β€œp.” 

The β€œQuail Chick 𓅱” is uniliteral phonogram that is representative of the sound w/u. 

The β€œrecumbent jackal on shrine 𓃣” is used as both an ideogram and a determinative. 𓃣 is the determinative in the word β€œAnubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓃣” and also an ideogram for β€œAnubis 𓃣. When 𓃣 functions as an ideogram, the β€œπ“ƒ£β€ would be pronounced the same as β€œπ“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣,” which is the full way to write the name. This is my absolute favorite hieroglyphic symbol!

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Osiris π“Ήπ“Š© (Part 2)

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at a variant of the name of the god β€œOsiris π“Ήπ“Š©.” 

Osiris π“Ήπ“Š©

More commonly in inscriptions, Osiris was written as π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­, however, this variant we are looking at today appears mostly in Cursive Hieroglyphs on papyri such as the Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 and funerary equipment such as ushabtis π“…±π“ˆ™π“ƒ€π“π“­π“€Ύ and coffins 𓅱𓇋𓀾 from the New Kingdom forward. This variant usually appears more in handwritten hieroglyphs and smaller items because it is shorter in length and easier to write! 

Let’s take a closer look at his name: 

𓁹 – jr

π“Š© – js

Let’s break down the symbols:

The β€œeye 𓁹” is a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œjr.” The β€œeye 𓁹” can also function as an ideogram for β€œeye 𓁹𓏺” and also as a determinative. 

The β€œcarrying chair π“Š©β€ functions as a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œjs” in the name β€œOsiris” and also as an ideogram for the word β€œseat.” When it is an ideogram it has a possible pronunciation of β€œst.” 

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Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ (Part 1)

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the name of the god β€œOsiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­.” 

Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­

Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ is considered one of the most important deities in the ancient EgyptIan pantheon so you will see his name pop up in hieroglyphic inscriptions quite frequently! The name β€œOsiris” is actually the name given to him by the Greeks, and is not what the ancient Egyptians would have called Osiris! 

Let’s take a closer look at his name: 

𓁹 – jr

π“Š¨ – jsjr

π“€­ – determinative (not pronounced)

Egyptologists believe that Osiris’ name could have been pronounced like β€œUsir”/β€œWsir” in ancient Egyptian times! Did you know sometimes the name could be written as β€œπ“Š¨π“Ήπ“€­β€ too?

Let’s break down the symbols:

The β€œeye 𓁹” is a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œjr.” The β€œeye 𓁹” can also function as an ideogram for β€œeye 𓁹𓏺” and also as a determinative. 

The β€œπ“Š¨ seat” is a complicated symbol that can change sounds and function depending on the word! It can be a biliteral phonogram that represents the sound β€œst,” but in the case of Osiris it will have a phonetic sound of β€œjsjr.” It can also be used as an ideogram for the words seat/place with the sound β€œjst.” 

The β€œseated god 𓀭” is a determinative symbol and isn’t pronounced! It acts as β€œpunctuation” at the end of the name of a male god! 

The β€œj” used in transcription can be thought to make a β€œy” sound from English! It is important to note that there is not one way to pronounce words in Middle Egyptian and that the sounds are just transcriptions of the symbols! There are also many different transcription systems! 

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Perfect God π“ŠΉπ“„€

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the phrase β€œPerfect God π“ŠΉπ“„€.”

Perfect God π“ŠΉπ“„€

Let’s break down the word: 

π“ŠΉ – God (ntr) 

π“„€ – Perfect, Beautiful (nfr)

The β€œBeautiful God π“ŠΉπ“„€β€ or the β€œPerfect God π“ŠΉπ“„€β€ is another extremely common phrase you will find in hieroglyphic π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ inscriptions across all different types of artifacts and monuments.  It is definitely a good one to know and recognize because it is so common! 

The Great God π“ŠΉπ“„€ is usually found before the titles that accompany the prenomen (throne name) cartouche of a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻. Another popular title that often accompanies the prenomen is π“ŽŸπ“‡Ώπ“‡Ώ , which translates to β€œLord of the Two Lands.” A lot of times both titles will appear together! 

Let’s break down the symbols! 

The β€œcloth on a pole π“ŠΉβ€œ hieroglyph is an ideogram for the word god. π“ŠΉ is also a triliteral phonogram, and represents the letters β€œntr” which may have been pronounced like β€œneter.” π“ŠΉ Is also a determinative for β€œgod.” So the β€œcloth on a pole π“ŠΉβ€œ symbol can function as all three types of hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ. If you see this symbol, you are most likely looking at a word that has to do with the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ!

The β€œheart and windpipe 𓄀” symbol is a triliteral phonogram that represents the sound β€œnfr” which in modern times we pronounce like β€œnefer.” This symbol usually represents the word β€œbeautiful.” 

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Life π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the word β€œLife π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“.”

Life π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“

Most are familiar with the β€œAnkh 𓋹” as being both the symbol and the word for life. However, the word β€œLife π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“β€ can also be written this way! 

Let’s break down the word: 

π“‹Ή – ˁnαΈ« (pronounced β€œankh”)

π“ˆ– – n

𓐍 – αΈ« (pronounced β€œk”) 

Life π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“ is the perfect example of the use of phonetic complements. A phonetic complement are when symbols added to the end of the word add emphasis to the sounds of the symbol that comes before it. The phonetic complements are not pronounced! 

Let’s break down the symbols! 

The β€œsandal strap 𓋹” more commonly known as the β€œAnkh,” is a triliteral phonogram that has the sound β€œΛnḫ” which would sound like β€œankh.” While it can also be an ideogram for β€œsandal strap” and β€œmirror,” the β€œsandal strap 𓋹” is much more commonly seen as the word for β€œLife.” 

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also a phonogram sign, except it is uniliteral sign, which means that it just represents one consonant. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” Here it is used as a phonetic complement. 

The β€œplacenta or sieve 𓐍” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram and is associated with the sound β€œαΈ«β€ which is kind of like a β€œk” sound. This symbol is actually considered β€œunclassified” because Egyptologists actually don’t know what it exactly represents! It is also used as a phonetic complement in this case. 

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Pepy I π“Šͺ𓇋π“Šͺ𓇋

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the birth name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 β€œPepy I π“Šͺ𓇋π“Šͺ𓇋.” 

Pepy I π“Šͺ𓇋π“Šͺ𓇋

The cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· of the 6th Dynasty pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Pepy I π“Šͺ𓇋π“Šͺ𓇋 was one of the first cartouches π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“·π“¦ I learned to read/recognize because it’s written with only uniliteral hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! These symbols are most like letters in modern alphabets because they are associated with one sound! 

A lot of the Old Kingdom pharaohs 𓉐𓉻π“₯ have birth names π“‚‹π“ˆ–π“¦ written with uniliteral signs, which makes them great for beginners to read/learn! One of the ways I started learning hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ was by practicing reading the cartouches π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“·π“¦ of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻π“₯! 

Here is a breakdown of the symbols: 

The β€œstool π“Šͺ” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram for the sound β€œp.” 

The β€œreed 𓇋” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram and most commonly represents the sound of β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.” It is usually associated with modern English β€œI” or β€œY” sounds. 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Hatshepsut 𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏏π“ͺ (Variant)

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at a variant of the birth name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 β€œHatshepsut 𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏏π“ͺ.”

Hatshepsut 𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏏π“ͺ

While Hatshepsut’s full birth name π“‚‹π“ˆ–(π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“€Όπ“π“ͺ) appears frequently in inscriptions π“Ÿπ“›π“₯, many times variants of the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– would appear because her full name was too long – like on the scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 in the picture! 

A variant is an alternative way to write a word or name π“‚‹π“ˆ– in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! While the different variants would still be pronounced the same, they would be written with alternative symbols that have the same sound values. In the case of the  name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, they would generally be shortened. 

Let’s take a look at this variant of Hatshepsut’s name: 

𓄂𓏏 – Foremost (h3t)

𓀼𓏏π“ͺ – Noble Women (Ε‘pss-wt)

This variant would just be pronounced as Hatshepsut (as we know her name most commonly), and translate to β€œForemost of the Noble Women.” 

Here is a breakdown of the symbols, as I wrote in my previous post: 

The β€œforepart of lion 𓄂” symbol is an ideogram for the word β€œfront” and β€œforemost.” It is associated with the sound β€œh3t” which would be pronounced like β€œhat.” 

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt.” Here it is a phonetic complement, makes the word feminine, or its own sound value. 

The β€œman on a chair with flail 𓀼” symbol has the sound of β€œΕ‘pss” and it can be a determinative/ideogram for β€œnoble.” 

The β€œthree strokes π“ͺ” symbol makes the word plural and has a phonetic value of β€œwt.”

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“€Όπ“π“ͺ

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the birth name of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 β€œHatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“€Όπ“π“ͺ.”

Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“€Όπ“π“ͺ

Let’s break down each of the phrases: 

π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– – Amun (Δ±Ν—-mn-n)

π“ŽΉπ“- United with (αΊ–mn-t)

π“„‚- Foremost (h3t)

𓀼𓏏π“ͺ – Noble Women (Ε‘pss-wt)

Hatshepsut’s birth name π“‚‹π“ˆ– translates to β€œUnited with Amun, Foremost of the Noble Women.” 

There are many variants of her birth name, the most complete being: π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ. 

Let’s break down each of the symbols: 

The β€œreed 𓇋” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.”

The β€œπ“  game board and pieces” is a biliteral phonogram. The β€œ 𓏠” is associated with the sound β€œmn” which could be pronounced like β€œmen,” β€œmun,” β€œmon,” etc. 

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also uniliteral sign which is associated with the sound of β€œn!” Here it is a phonetic complement. 

The β€œstone jug π“ŽΉβ€ symbol is a triliteral phonogram for the sound of β€œαΊ–mn.” 

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt.” Here it is a phonetic complement, makes the word feminine, or its own sound value. 

The β€œforepart of lion 𓄂” symbol is an ideogram for the word β€œfront” and β€œforemost.” It is associated with the sound β€œh3t” which would be pronounced like β€œhat.” 

The β€œman on a chair with flail 𓀼” symbol has the sound of β€œΕ‘pss” and it can be a determinative/ideogram for β€œnoble.” 

The β€œthree strokes π“ͺ” symbol makes the word plural and has a phonetic value of β€œwt”

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Unas π“ƒΉπ“ˆ–π“‡‹π“‹΄

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the name of the last pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of the 5th Dynasty, Unas π“ƒΉπ“ˆ–π“‡‹π“‹΄. 

Unas π“ƒΉπ“ˆ–π“‡‹π“‹΄

Let’s break down the name:

π“ƒΉπ“ˆ– – wn(n)

𓇋 – Δ±Ν—

π“‹΄ – s

While his name would be transliterated as β€œwnnis,” his name is always written as Unas. The β€œw” and β€œu” in Egyptian is almost always interchanged to make it more pronounceable to us!

Let’s break down each of the symbols:

The β€œhare 𓃹” is normally used as a phonogram, which means that it is a symbol that represents sounds, and is usually part of a larger word! The hare 𓃹 is a biliteral sign which means it represents two consonants. The 𓃹 represents the sounds β€œwn.”

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also a phonogram sign, except it is uniliteral sign, which means that it just represents one consonant. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” Here it is used as a phonetic complement, meaning it will add emphasis to the sounds of the symbol that comes before it. 

The β€œreed 𓇋” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.”

The β€œfolded cloth 𓋴” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œs.”

One of the best ways to practice reading hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ (especially phonogram symbols) is to read the cartouches of some of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 from the Old Kingdom! The reason why they are great to practice phonogram symbols is because the names π“‚‹π“ˆ–π“¦ are very phonetic!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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