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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Image 𓏏𓅱𓏏

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the word β€œImage 𓏏𓅱𓏏.” 

Image 𓏏𓅱𓏏
Image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 as seen on a Book of the Dead papyrus at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

I am always so excited to see the word “𓏏𓅱𓏏” or β€œπ“π“…±π“π“€Ύβ€ appear in inscriptions! The reason I get so excited is because it was one of the first words I learned how to read in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ and I remember being so proud that I knew what it meant!Β 

“𓏏𓅱𓏏” or β€œπ“π“…±π“π“€Ύβ€ can appear with or without the determinative symbol!

So what does β€œπ“π“…±π“π“€Ύβ€ mean? The word β€œπ“π“…±π“,” which can also be commonly written as β€œπ“π“…±π“β€ or less commonly β€œπ“π“…±π“π“›β€ can mean Image, Likeness, Statue, Figure, and Complete. The word has a phonetic value of β€œtwt,” but is inferred to be pronounced like β€œtut.” 

Let’s break down the symbols! 

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt.”

The β€œQuail Chick 𓅱” is uniliteral phonogram that is representative of the sound w/u. 

The β€œMummy Standing 𓀾” symbol is both an ideogram and a determinative! The symbol is an ideogram for β€œtwt – Statue and Likeness.” It is a determinative for β€œMummy, Statue, Likeness, and Form.” 

The reason why β€œπ“π“…±π“π“€Ύ or 𓏏𓅱𓏏” was one of the first words I learned how to read is because it appears in the cartouche of Tutankhamun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“π“…±π“π“‹Ήπ“‹Ύπ“‰Ίπ“‡“! Tutankhamun’s name means β€œLiving Image of Amun.” 

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Lord of Appearances π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the title: “Lord of Appearances π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯.”

Lord of Appearances
Lord of Appearances π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯

β€œLord of Appearances π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯” is another popular title that is seen across many different types of monuments across Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– and museums around the world. To review: a title is a phrase that appears before a cartouche, which is the oval that encloses the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 in inscriptions.

The meaning of β€œLord of Appearances π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯” seems to be the one that can confuse people the most and the meaning can kind of be a little subtle/abstract. I always took it to mean that when the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 arrived or appeared somewhere it was a BIG DEAL; basically a god π“ŠΉ showed up! Since the pharaoh was a god π“ŠΉ on Earth𓇾𓇾, his/her arrival needed a whole title to mention it! 

Let’s break down the title: 

π“ŽŸ – Lord 

π“ˆπ“₯ – Appearances

The hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ for β€œappear π“ˆβ€ is the sun 𓇳𓏀 rising over the horizon, which is to signify Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 daily journey across the sky π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯. The addition of the three strokes π“₯ makes the word plural, hence why it is translated as β€œappearances” instead of just β€œappear.”

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

A Voice Offering… 𓉓

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the common funerary phrase: “A Voice Offering… 𓉓.”

A Voice Offering
A Voice Offering… 𓉓 as seen on a Middle Kingdom coffin at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

β€œA Voice Offering… 𓉓” is a composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ, which is a single hieroglyphic symbol that is actually a combination of multiple symbols! The individual symbols do not lose their phonetic meaning when they become the composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ, instead they combine to just make a multi-consonant symbol! Composite hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ can be phonograms, ideograms, or determinatives too!

While a lot of the composite hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ are combinations of two 𓏻 symbols, β€œπ“‰“β€ is actually a combination of four 𓏽 symbols! I like to think of composite hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ as a math equation:

𓉓 = 𓉐 + π“Š€ + 𓏑 + π“Š

Here is the symbol name, (and sound value in parentheses) designated to each of the symbols that are part of 𓉓:

𓉐 – House Plan (pr)

π“Š€ – Oar (αΈ«rw)

𓏑 – Bread (t)

π“Š – Beer Jug (usually a determinative like in this case, but can be hnw on occasion)

𓉓 would be pronounced like β€œprt-αΈ«rw.”

In terms of meaning, β€œπ“‰“β€ is classified as an ideogram (a single symbol that takes on the meaning of a full word) for the phrase β€œinvocation offering” or β€œvoice offering” and is a part of the standard offering formula that is seen on stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ, false doors, sarcophagi π“ŽŸπ“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“π“Š­π“ͺ/coffins π“‹΄π“…±π“Ž›π“π“†±π“¦ and other funerary equipment π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‹΄π“π“π“Š­.

Why are bread 𓏑 and beer π“Š highlighted in such a popular inscription that persisted for thousands of years? Bread 𓏑 and beer π“Š were pretty much the staples of the ancient Egyptian diet and they needed enough food 𓇬𓀁𓅱𓏔π“₯ in the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 too!

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

For the Soul of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the phrase “For the Soul of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–.”

For the Soul of
For the Soul of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ– as seen on a statue at the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, NY.

β€œFor the Soul Of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–β€ would appear as part of the Offering Formula which typically began with β€œπ“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™ An Offering the King Gives.”

β€œFor the Soul Of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–β€ indicates that the offering is not only being made for the deceased person, but the soul π“‚“ of the deceased person, which demonstrates the ancient Egyptian cultural practice of the distinct parts of a person’s identity. In order to exist, a person needed to have five 𓏾 essential elements: the body π“Ž›π“‚π“„Ό, the shadow 𓆄𓏏𓅱𓋼, the Ba 𓅑𓏀, the Ka (soul/life force) 𓂓𓏀, and the name π“‚‹π“ˆ–.

More specifically, the β€œka 𓂓” or the soul is the part of the person that interacted with others (family 𓅕𓉔𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦, friends π“ˆ˜π“ˆ‡π“€€π“π“¦, even the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻) and can be thought of as the offices you held in life. Usually the list of jobs/titles/offices would follow β€œπ“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ– For the Soul Of…” on the inscription! These memories of a person and their interactions were important to maintaining their offering cult when they died.

β€œFor the Soul Of π“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–β€ could also be written as β€œπ“ˆ–π“‚“π“ˆ–π“Ίβ€ with the little stroke at the end! So let’s take a closer look at the hieroglyphic symbols π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is a phonogram sign, and it functions as a uniliteral sign. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” The π“ˆ– has many grammatical functions on its own, and it can mean β€œto,” β€œof,” β€œfor,” β€œwe/us/our,” β€œin,” β€œbecause,” β€œthrough,” and some others! How do we know which word it is? Context clues!

The β€œtwo arms 𓂓” functions as a biliteral phonogram and an ideogram, both with the sound of β€œka/k3.”

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

King of Upper and Lower Egypt π“†₯

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the common title “King of Upper and Lower Egypt π“†₯.”

King of Upper and Lower Egypt
King of Upper and Lower Egypt π“†₯ as seen on the King’s List on display at the British Museum

π“†₯ can either be translated as β€œHe of the Sedge and the Bee” or more simply β€œKing of Upper and Lower Egypt.” 

π“†₯ is an extremely common title that is seen across many different types of monuments across Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– and museums around the world. A title is a phrase that appears before a cartouche, which is the oval that encloses the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻. 

Let’s take a closer look at each of the hieroglyphic symbols involved in this title:

The β€œsedge 𓇓” is a biliteral phonogram and has the sound of β€œsw.” The symbol can also function as an ideogram for both the words β€œking (nswt)” and β€œsedge (swt).” The sedge 𓇓 is also the symbol to represent Upper Egypt! Normally if you see the sedge 𓇓 in an inscription, the word β€œking” is going to be involved!

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt” and can also be used to make words feminine when placed at the end of the word! It can also be used as a phonetic complement, meaning it will add emphasis to the sounds of the symbol that comes before it, which is its function in the title we are examining today (π“†₯)

The β€œbee 𓆀” is an ideogram for the words bee, wasp, or honey and has the phonetic sound of β€œbjt.” More commonly, the bee 𓆀 is the symbol that is used to represent Lower Egypt. 

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

An Offering the King Gives π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the following phrase: π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™ – β€œAn Offering the King Gives.”

An Offering the King Gives π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™
An Offering the King Gives π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™ as seen on a Middle Kingdom sarcophagus at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™, better known as the Offering Formula is probably the most common hieroglyphic phrase you will see in a museum. The Offering Formula is found on all different types of funerary objects π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‹΄π“π“π“Š­ such as stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ, sarcophagi π“ŽŸπ“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“π“Š­π“¦, statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾π“ͺ, and false doors.

The purpose of the Offering Formula was to allow the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 to partake in and accept offerings π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦. These offerings could be either the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 making an offering to a god π“ŠΉ (usually Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ or Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣) or the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 accepting offerings π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 directly from family members.

What we are looking at today is the first part of the Offering Formula: π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™. This translates to β€œAn Offering the King Gives…”

𓇓 – King

π“π“Š΅ – Offering (shortened version of π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦)

𓏙 – Gives

Let’s break down each of the hieroglyphic symbols!

The β€œSedge 𓇓” symbol functions as a biliteral phonogram and is associated with the sound β€œsw.” Most commonly, the symbol is used as an ideogram for the word β€œKing,” which is associated with the sound β€œnswt.”

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt.” It also functions as the ideogram for the word β€œbread 𓏏𓏺” and can be used to make words feminine when placed at the end of the word!

The β€œbread loaf on a mat π“Š΅β€ symbol is a triliteral phonogram for the sound β€œαΈ₯tp” and is also an ideogram for β€œoffering slab” which is also associated with the sound β€œαΈ₯tp.”

The β€œbread mold 𓏙” symbol is functions as a phonogram for β€œd” or β€œαΈj” and also as β€œrdj” in the word for β€œgive.”

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Hieroglyphic Flash Cards

Words Spoken By π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the common phrase “Words Spoken By π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–.”

Words Spoken By π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–
“Words Spoken By π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–” as seen in hieroglyphs from a Middle Kingdom coffin at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

β€œ π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–β€ is a really popular introduction to an inscription π“Ž˜π“…±π“Ž– and it translates to β€œWords spoken by… π“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–.” If you know this phrase, you’ll be able to recognize the beginning of a lot of inscriptions!

β€œπ“†“π“Œƒπ“‡‹π“ˆ–β€ is usually followed by the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of a god π“ŠΉ or goddess π“ŠΉπ“, so if you know the names of popular deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ you’ll be able to read that part too!

The β€œcobra 𓆓” is a phonogram, which means that it is a symbol that represents sounds, and is usually part of a larger word! The cobra 𓆓 is a uniliteral sign, so it represents just one consonant. It represents the sound β€œαΈβ€ which would almost sound like a β€œj” when pronounced.

The β€œstaff or walking stick π“Œƒβ€ functions as both a phonogram (in this phrase) and as an ideogram (for the word β€œ staff π“Œƒπ“Ίβ€). π“Œƒ is a triliteral phonogram symbol and represents the three consonant sound β€œmdw.”

The β€œreed 𓇋” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.”

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also a uniliteral phonogram. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!”

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Egyptian Artifacts

Talatat of Akhenaten

These small π“ˆ–π“†“π“‹΄π“…© limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ blocks are called β€œTalatat” and were used solely during the reign π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“ of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…žπ“π“ˆ–! These were used in the construction of the Aten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³ temple π“‰Ÿπ“π“‰ at Karnak (this construction started when he was still Amenhotep IV π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“Š΅π“ŠΉπ“‹Ύπ“Œ€) and the palace π“‚π“Ž›π“π“‰₯𓉐 at Akhetaten π“ˆŒπ“π“‰π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“Š–. Akhetaten π“ˆŒπ“π“‰π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“Š– was the capital of Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– during the reign π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“ of Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…žπ“π“ˆ–. 

Talatat of Akhenaten
Talatat from Amarna at the MET. The top talatat shows an image of the pharaoh Akhenaten

The top Talatat in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 was part of a much larger relief which was the pinnacle image of the time – Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…žπ“π“ˆ– and the royal family (including Nefertiti π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“‡π“π“­) receiving β€œAnkhs 𓋹” which is the symbol for β€œLife” from the Aten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³. 

The Talatat were unique because they were so small π“ˆ–π“†“π“‹΄π“…© that a single worker could carry one and put it into place. This was meant to expedite construction and make building a lot faster. The Talatat are also unique because they were only used during the reign π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“ of Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…žπ“π“ˆ–, and were never used again. 

Even though originally from Amarna π“ˆŒπ“π“‰π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“Š–, these Talatat were actually found in other places across Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–.Β  After Akhenaten’s π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…žπ“π“ˆ– reign π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“, his monuments 𓏠𓏍 were destroyed and building materials were used by other pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦!

I like to think of this as an ancient Egyptian recycling program! It’s truly fascinating to see not only how the ancient Egyptians procured some of their building materials, but also to understand the intent behind them. Since Akhenaten was to be “erased” from history, his monuments were destroyed and the materials repurposed.

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Video

Tour of Gallery 122

Let’s go on a tour of Gallery 122 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art!

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One of my favorite things about the Metropolitan Museum of Art are these little β€œhidden” galleries that are off-shoots of the main galleries! This is Gallery 122, and it’s one of my favorites because this gallery houses many Amarna-era pieces along with pieces from the 19th Dynasty! The 18th and 19th Dynasties are my favorite parts of Egyptian History! There are so many little and wonderful hidden treasures in these rooms! They may not be the β€œbig-ticket must-see” artifacts, but they have their own unique charms and history and I love them! Among the pieces in this gallery are Amarna-age trial pieces, broken pieces of statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…œπ“π“ˆ–/Nefertiti π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“‡π“π“­, many different ushabti π“…±π“ˆ™π“ƒ€π“π“­π“€Ύ figures, flowers 𓆼𓅱𓆰𓏦 from the funeral of Tutankhamun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“π“…±π“π“‹Ήπ“‹Ύπ“‰Ίπ“‡“, a wooden statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣, lots of pottery π“ π“ˆ–π“‡‹π“‹ shards and so much more! I hope you enjoy this little gallery tour! Follow me to learn all about ancient Egypt, hieroglyphs, Egyptian mythology, art, culture and more! This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost. #ancientEgypt #egyptianhistory #egyptianmythology #metropolitanmuseumofart #metmuseum #egyptology #ancientegyptblog #anticoegitto #egitto

♬ Glimpse (Slowed + Reverb) – Gabriel AlbuquerqΓΌe

One of my favorite things about the Metropolitan Museum of Art are these little β€œhidden” galleries that are off-shoots of the main galleries! Gallery 122, is one of my favorites because this gallery houses many Amarna-era pieces along with pieces from the 19th Dynasty! The 18th and 19th Dynasties are my favorite parts of Egyptian History!Β 

There are so many little and wonderful hidden treasures in these rooms! They may not be the β€œbig-ticket must-see” artifacts, but they have their own unique charms and history and I love them! 

Among the pieces in this gallery are Amarna-age trial pieces, broken pieces of statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Akhenaten π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“…œπ“π“ˆ–/Nefertiti π“‡‹π“π“ˆ–π“‡³π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“„€π“‡π“π“­, many different ushabti π“…±π“ˆ™π“ƒ€π“π“­π“€Ύ figures, flowers 𓆼𓅱𓆰𓏦 from the funeral of Tutankhamun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“π“…±π“π“‹Ήπ“‹Ύπ“‰Ίπ“‡“, a wooden statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣, lots of pottery π“ π“ˆ–π“‡‹π“‹ shards and so much more! 

I hope you enjoy this little gallery tour! 

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost.Β 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Name of Thutmosis I or Thutmosis II?

Have you ever asked yourself “Are these hieroglyphs the name of Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 or Thutmosis II π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ–?” The names are so similar, that if you’re reading hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ, you probably have!

The discovery of the tomb π“‡‹π“‡©π“Šƒπ“‰ of Thutmosis II π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ– is so exciting and I cannot wait to learn more about this discovery!! The 18th Dynasty is my favorite time period, and Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ is my favorite pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 so I am really excited about all of the new information that can be learned from this discovery!

In celebration of this wonderful discovery, Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

Thutmosis I or Thutmosis II
A display of scarabs which show the names of the 18th Dynasty pharaohs Thutmosis I and Thutmosis II. This display is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC. Can you find the name of Thutmosis II amongst the Thutmosis I scarabs?

In this beautiful 𓄀𓆑𓂋 display of scarabs 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣π“ͺ at the MET, there is a collection with the names π“‚‹π“ˆ–π“¦ of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻π“₯ Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 and Thutmosis II π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ–. Except there is a mistake in the display – one of the scarabs 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣π“ͺ in the Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 section actually belonged to Thutmosis II π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ–!

Can you find it? Scroll below to see the answer once you’ve looked!Β 

Thutmosis I or Thutmosis II

It’s the scarab 𓐍π“Šͺ𓂋𓂋𓆣 in the bottom row, second from the left! The throne names π“‚‹π“ˆ–π“¦ of Thutmosis I 𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 and Thutmosis II π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ– are very similar to each other – there is only a one hieroglyph difference between the two! 

Let’s take a closer look at the names: 

𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓 – β€œGreat 𓉻 is the Manifestation 𓆣 of the soul π“‚“ of Ra 𓇳” (Thutmosis I)

π“‡³π“‰»π“†£π“ˆ– – β€œGreat 𓉻 is the Manifestation 𓆣 of π“ˆ– Ra 𓇳” (Thutmosis II) 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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